Eyona eziphambili ze ithambo uxhulumaniso lomntu: isicwangciso netafile

Amathambo umzimba abadala 206, kanti xa usana olusanda kuzalwa yenani labo egqitha 350, ngoko kwinkqubo yobomi bekhula kunye. Inkoliso yabo zidityaniswe kunye unpaired ahlale 33-34. Eliqhutywa ithambo kunye izihlunu kunye nemisipha. Amathambo NdinguMenzi amathambo: yomqolo, imilenze ephezulu nesezantsi kunye ukakayi. Ukuze ukudibanisa ukuba enye kwenye, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo ithambo.

Imisebenzi ngamathambo abantu

Eyona umsebenzi asemzimbeni - wandixhasa enyama yangaphakathi, kwakunye nokubonelela umntu angakwazi ukuhamba esithubeni. Ukuze afeze ngempumelelo ngaphandle amathambo abo kufuneka, kwelinye icala, amandla, enye - loo luthambe kunye lula. Zombini ezi misebenzi zibonelelwa kuquka ngokusebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ithambo.

Ukongeza emathanjeni inkxaso akhuselwe ukuze izibilini kwakunye amalungu hematopoietic (ngenxa umbandela sponge equlethe lomongo wethambo obomvu).

Types of connection ka amathambo

Xa abantu, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo ngethambo: tyaba, tubular, engumxube, elifutshane elide. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo kokufakelwa ithambo ezibonelela ukukwazi skeleton ukwenza imisebenzi yayo. Akukho uhlobo uniform lweendidi amalungu amathambo. eminye imithombo yahlulwe iikhompawundi amathambo amabini, abanye - ngokwendidi ezintathu. Ukungqinelana kwinguqulelo yokuqala, kuba amalungu ezinokususwa, zalungiswa. Uhlobo lwesithathu, nto leyo bonke kubalelwa self - nto semi-ihamba ezidibeneyo. imele kakhulu ngokucacileyo iintlobo kwetafile uqhagamshelo ithambo. Ngezantsi kukho thaca iindidi namalungu movable.

Oluqhubekayo okanye ukugogeka ezimbaxa

uqhagamshelwano oluqhubekayo amathambo - abo babe umngxuma kwaye ayinakutshintshwa. Ukumisela uqhagamshelwano fixed kungenzeka ngisho imbonakalo - ekubambisaneni iindawo babe uburhabaxa, nicks, okt ukuba kolwabelo olungalinganiyo.

Hlanganisa iindawo ezimbini ngokusebenzisa kwizicwili.

Imizekelo iikhompawundi iinkuni yokakayi, ezo akhiwa nge edityanelweyo ithambo.

Ezinye iikhompawundi nangoku ihlanganiswa omnye komnye, ngamanye intlala ithathwa amathambo enika amandla eli sebe elithile. Ezo iintlobo iikhompawundi emathanjeni umnqonqo kunokubonwa kwi sacral, apho coccyx imele ezintlanu omqolo intergrown coccygeal.

Iindlela yokugcina namalungu bone nokungakwazi

Njengoko kubonakala kule mizekelo, nokungakwazi enikwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, Noko ke, kukho iintlobo eziphambili unxibelelwano ithambo ngendlela eqhubekayo:

• Chwetheza compound ngohlobo close-olungisiweyo kwithishyu nokuqina (ithambo kufutshane omzimba).
• Syndesmoses ezo zinto zimelwe esebenzisa kwizicwili (umz, yengalo).
• Synchondrosises - usebenzisa intlala (omqolo ephindeneyo kwi kwalapho).
• Synostosis, ithambo uxhulumaniso okt (ithambo ukakayi, lo coccyx).

Imihlathi yokuqala neyesibini - iintlobo ze data amathambo abantu usebenzisa ezahlukeneyo iindidi zomzimba nokuqina, ngoko ke zithunyelwa iikhompawundi ngokuba ezinezikhondo.

Syndesmoses baphumeze umsebenzi wabo ngendlela nemisipha, nto leyo ngakumbi nokomeleza ithambo.

Ingcamango nemisipha

Bamele imicu benziwa neyophahla imicu elastic collagen. Ngokuxhomekeke kuyo uhlobo luyabonakala inyanda ethile, ukuba yahlulwe elastic collagen.

Kuxhomekeka lokungcangcazela efunekayo amathambo awo nemisipha inokuba elifutshane okanye elide.

Imali kwakhona bands zokuhlela koluphi amalungu - articular kunye extra-articular.

Iinyanda eziyimfuneko nje kuphela uqhagamshelo amathambo, kuba imisebenzi emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo:

• Isakhelo njengento uqale nemisipha kwezihlunu.
• Bamba kwaye silungise kunye izabelo ezahlukeneyo amathambo okanye amalungu omzimba (sacro-bugornaya lungu).
• Kunye nemisipha kwakhiwa esinye isakhiwo yokwakheka (umz, beka okanye lekhefu ukuze lokudlula luvo kunye neempahla yegazi).

Types of amalungu nokuqina

Ukongeza nemisipha, amathambo, imichiza nga lisekwa kwizicwili kwaye ukubizwa ngena kwiseli. umahluko yabo ixhomekeke kwinto yokuba inwebu lizele isithuba phakathi amathambo, yaye umgama phakathi kwabo inkulu kakhulu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iinwebu luqulathe imicu elastic. Noko ke, umsebenzi ke enza indima efanayo kunye nemisipha.

Uhlobo elilandelayo nokuqina uqhagamshelo umcu phakathi amathambo fontanelle. Olu hlobo kunokubonwa kwiintsana kunye nabantwana ukuya kunyaka de fontanels hayi yene. Le ukubunjwa eye imicu encinane elastic kwaye thaca ikakhulu umbandela eliphakathi. Le uxhulumaniso ivumela amathambo yokakayi ukutshintsha kuqwalaselo nokuwela emjelweni lokuzalwa.

Le umthungo ingafunyanwa ngokufundisisa, umzekelo, iikhompawundi ze amathambo intamo. Le seams unokuba iimilo ezahlukeneyo, kunye negama efanayo - unamazinyo, iflethi, eso.

Welding kweenkqubo alveolar edibene amazinyo. Le kwizicwili kule ndawo ibizwa ngokuba "periodontal". It has a igazi elungileyo kunye innervation luvo ngenxa imithambo yegazi kunye luvo kwi izinto esiphakathi. Ukubunjwa kwakhona iquka imicu periodontal elastic collagen.

units mobile

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo kokufakelwa ithambo - ehambayo. Ezi ziquka omzimba (diarthrosis). ezi ntlobo iikhompawundi Discontinuous ibizwa ngokuba amathambo yokuba ukuba kusoloko kukho isithuba phakathi imiphezulu zabo. Ukuze kubonelelwe ukushukumiseka, ayimiqulu imiphezulu articular le philisi edibeneyo kunye ibinomthwebeba.

amacandelo

indawo Articular - Zizo ezi iindawo amathambo, ezikufutshane nye philisi ngokuhlangeneyo. aba bahamba kunye intlala ebizwa articular.

Ukuze ukuba nezixandileyo enjalo rhoqo ubomi bomntu ukuze ifezekise umsebenzi wayo engxoweni kukho umngxuma ezaliswe ulwelo, yokuqaba phezu kokuvalwa. Ukongeza, kulwelo wenza imisebenzi ukuphelwa lixabiso, ngokubonelela amalungu unyamezelo, yaye sinika ayimfuneko amandla articular intlala.

Articular imiphezulu ngokudibeneyo bag likhusela ngokuchaseneyo umonakalo ukuba enze lo msebenzi nto ibandakanya lamanqanaba ezininzi: lwamalunga ezinezikhondo. inwebu yangaphakathi synovia inikeza unikezelo igazi esisityebi.

Ukongeza kule miba ayisosinyanzelo kwaye ozikhethelayo ekhona kwi joint: intlala kunye nemisipha, bursae, ithambo sesamoid nezibaya synovia.

Ukuhlelwa amalungu kwi ezahlukeneyo iparameters

Amalungu abe iimilo ezahlukeneyo: .. Globular, okweqanda, iflethi, yesali, njl Ngokuhambelana kunye nale enegama elifanayo ayinabantu namalungu. Ukwahlula zokuhlela kwelivi sesindululo - uniaxial, biaxial kunye multiaxial. Ngu uniaxial ziquka trochlear kunye namalungu zezindlu (umz, iqatha, interphalangeal). amalungu-asi ezimbini - ellipsoidal okanye undim (iwotshi metacarpal, esihlahleni). Ukwenza amalungu multiaxial ukuba imilo ungqukuva - igxalaba, hip.

Ngokutsho uhlobo welungu kuya kucingelwa, ziziphi iinkalo kuya kubakho kwayo. Umzekelo, kukho izixhobo ibhola-ezimilise sindululo kumacala ahlukeneyo, ngoko kukho i-axis ezintathu.

Kwisixhobo ukwahlula amalungu alula nanzima. Nje luqulathe amathambo amabini, complex - abathathu okanye ngaphezulu.

Namalunga angenza ukwenza ezi ntlobo zilandelayo intshukumo: flexion-extension, ukuthwala-adduction, ujikelezo (ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kwakunye setyhula).

Semi-ezihambayo uqhagamshelo amathambo

Abaninzi abakholelwa ukuba bazimele. Ngu iikhompawundi semi-ihamba ziquka aba intlala, oko kukuthi, kwelinye icala, abangeni njengoko amalunga, kodwa kube kwiqondo elithile bhetyebhetye.

Uhlobo Indibaniselwano usebenzisa intlala sijongwa njengenye yeendidi uqhagamshelwano esisigxina - synchondrosis, nto leyo isemi-elihambayo, njengoko abaninzi baba kunjalo. Synchondrosises ekuhlanganeni kwengubo semi-uhambisa kwaye kukho umahluko: kwixesha elidlulileyo kukho umngxuma encinane, ngenxa owawusiza ukuhamba.

Polupreryvnye kumane kwakhona ngokuba symphysis. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile ukuze diverge kancinane phakathi kwabo. Ngoko ke, lo symphysis zikawonke ivumela ukuzala ukuqinisekisa sicatshulwa yosana olungekazalwa ngenxa emjelweni lokuzalwa.

endaweni yesiphelo

Ngoko ke, siye sadibana iintlobo eziphambili amalungu amathambo abantu, iimpawu zabo nemisebenzi eziyenzayo.

Xa kuqwalaselwa izihloko ezifana iintlobo zabantu kokufakelwa bone, neetafile iitshathi ziya kuba abancedisi sobukhulu; zenza kube lula ukubona ngokucacileyo kwaye baqonde yokuhlela.