Theory of urhulumente wengingqi: itafile. Kwamalatshana aziziqhusheko anceda abaya kwezi mbono karhulumente wengingqi. theory uluntu free karhulumente wengingqi. Ithiyori yobubini karhulumente wengingqi

beengcamango ezahlukeneyo karhulumente weengingqi - iseti iingcamango neembono, ngokuthi eyayichaza uhlobo umbutho karhulumente zikamasipala. Ezi nkalo ziye zavela njenge uphando olusekelwe kulwazi eminyaka kumava embali yoluntu. Kukho iingcamango ezinjalo. Baya kwahluka enye kwenye - ezinye kancinane, abanye kakhulu.

Imbali isahlakalo of self-government

iinkqubo Modern yoorhulumente kamasipala kumazwe amaninzi eYurophu, i-US kunye Japan zasekwa emva kokuba utshintsho zenkulungwane XIX. Noko ke, aziwa zabo - uluntu kwaye idemokrasi polis - kwavela kumaxesha amandulo.

kuye kwabonakala Igama elithi "umasipala" eRoma yamandulo, xa kukho khona inkqubo republic. Ngoko wabiza ulawulo zoluntu ezidolophini, nto leyo wathabatha phezu ngokwayo isinyanzelo ukusombulula iingxaki zoqoqosho (kuquka ukwabiwa kwemali iirhafu). Ngokwesithethe lwangoku ngamazwe kamasipala ingaba nasemaphandleni zokuhlala.

Imfundiso yokuqala karhulumente wengingqi intsukaphi yamaRoma Republic. Okokuqala, isixeko encinane iTiber ubomi, izigqibo intloko karhulumente ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, ifuthe kunye nobukhulu waseRoma wakhula. Yuliy Tsezar ngo-45 BC. e. Ndagqiba ekubeni ukunikezela amanye amagunya ayo namagunya asekuhlaleni. Ngokubanzi, bachitha iinyanga emfazweni kumaphondo ezikude, kwakungekho ixesha ukujongana neengxaki kuqoqosho eyinkunzi.

Local self-government yoluntu free

Kukho imiqathango ethile ukuba iinkcazo ezahlukileyo karhulumente wengingqi. Ungakhetha ibaluleke kakhulu lusisisekelo zezi: ukudala ngayo amaziko, imali kunye nohlobo kolawulo amatyala, kunye nobudlelwane kunye negunya aphezulu karhulumente.

yesikolo yenzululwazi German, olusekelwe kucazululo ezi mpawu, baqulunqe ngobhalo kuluntu simahla. Wabaseki yale mbono - abaphandi Ahrens, Gerber, Meyer, Ressler kunye Laband. Umgaqo engundoqo, ababenabo, yaba kukuba uluntu unelungelo ukuzityela imicimbi yabo. Le yunithi encinci yoluntu kakhulu ebaluleke ngaphezu karhulumente xa iyonke. Ngoko ke, urhulumente kazwelonke kufuneka ukuba bahloniphe iimfuno zikamasipala.

Free theory uluntu yorhulumente wengingqi yavela ngenxa yesidingo kuqoqosho oludodobalayo, ebe sisiphumo nolungafanelekanga ulawulo karhulumente namagosa. Ngoko ke, inkqubo entsha evelayo eJamani ngenkulungwane XIX, yaba ngaphantsi kakhulu zinjalo, ngenxa eziqhelekileyo, inkolelo.

omasipala siseko ukusebenza

Noko ke, abalandeli imfundiso entsha kuyimfuneko ukungqina ngasekunene kwakhe, kwaye ukusuka kwindawo yeengcingane umbono. Ekubeni beza oosonzululwazi German wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba uluntu weza phambi kurhulumente, ngoko ke, ngoyena nobangela. Oko kukuthi, ilungelo lokuba self-government evukayo kanye nohlobo abantu.

Kwinkulungwane XIX iJamani wayengenguye urhulumente emanyeneyo. It yahlulwa izilawuli ezininzi kunye nezikumkani, feudal kuMbindi Ages eveliswa yi-nkqubo. free theory uluntu kurhulumente wengingqi rhuthu umzekelo yembali evela republic isixeko waseJamani. Banawo ukuzimela ngenkqubo yokurhweba inzuzo kunye nabamelwane babo. I-ntle yabemi mizi elingaphezulu kakhulu kune-avareji kazwelonke. Abaxhasi le ngcamango urhulumente wengingqi wacaphula umzekelo umzekelo kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Ngoko laliqulunqwe abaninzi imigaqo apho abemi kamasipala kunye nabaphilayo. Okokuqala, ukuba unyulo lwamalungu karhulumente wengingqi. Ilungelo lokuvota phantsi nkqubo wonke ilungu lasekuhlaleni. Okwesibini, zonke iimeko, leyo elawula umasipala, yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili. Oku imiyalelo enikwe ngurhulumente kazwelonke, kwaye iingxaki zabo ekufuneka isonjululwe ngurhulumente wommandla.

Okwesithathu, urhulumente akanalo ilungelo ukuba batshintshe izigqibo ezithathwe ngumasipala. Kuyafuneka kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lukwazi ukuba nobuchule balo.

Isicelo kwengcamango yoluntu free

Le ngasentla eziluncedo nezingeloncedo ziyabethabethana karhulumente wengingqi ngenkuthalo ngazo kuluntu yaseYurophu kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX. In imi--1830-1840. Ezinye ezi zimiselo ziye zamkelwa kwiSicwangciso-mthetho yaseBelgium. Umgaqo-siseko weli lizwe okokuqala amagunya kamasipala bayaqonda amandla "yesine" kwi par kunye isigqeba, nemithetho neenkundla. Esi siganeko idabi ngokuba yonke loo ngcinga kurhulumente wengingqi. Nokuba kuluntu mihla, le ithisisi le "amandla yesine" akukho ngokusesikweni kuMgaqo kumazwe amaninzi. Ngoko ke, inguquko loo nomtsalane kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX.

Noko ke, ekupheleni kwaloo kwenkulungwane, ithiyori uluntu eshiyekileyo yangoonomgogwana bezizwe. Kwakutheni ukuze kwenzeke oku? iiyunithi ezinkulu indawo baba Izwe kwindalo, okt Sixhomekeke embindini. Kwimeko enjalo kwakunzima kakhulu ukungqina ukuzimela yoluntu.

theory social

Xa theory uluntu free wahlala elidlulileyo, endaweni yayo kwafika entsha, eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba zentlalo okanye zentlalo noqoqosho. Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwezi ngcamango zimbini? Kuqala wacinga ukuba amalungelo umasipala baba zendalo kweemfanelo. Abaxhasi theory loluntu sajonga le nto ngenye indlela. Ngokutsho wemfundiso yabo, amalungelo evela kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho kamasipala. Kwaye ukuba wayeza kuba ngumba ophambili.

Imfundiso kwezoqoqosho karhulumente wengingqi elaziwayo isihloko uluntu umthetho, elizimeleyo kurhulumente. Undoqo yaba umsebenzi umlinganiswa kamasipala kuyo. Urhulumente kwakufuneka isigqibo kuphela kwimicimbi karhulumente. iithiyori ezininzi koorhulumente basekhaya, kwakunye noluntu, ngokusekelwe yokuba uluntu wafakwa nangona onke amandla umatshini engundoqo. Abaxhasi ingcamango inkululeko koomasipala delineates ngokucacileyo amagunya phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ingcamango uluntu karhulumente yengingqi kuneengxaki zako. Baya kulala yokuba oomasipala ugalelwe kumachibi abucala, nto leyo nayo bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Ukuba abantu babambisane iphulo layo, umzekelo, ukuba asebenze umhlaba, baye bakhetha ukuwushiya eli qela. iiyunithi Territorial (okt oomasipala) ukuba baseLimpopo kwi yabo yethu. Bona umda ngokungqongqo ngumthetho. imida zabo kunye nesakhiwo lwangaphakathi, nangona zonke, kuxhomekeke kurhulumente.

in Russia

Umzekelo isicelo e-worldwork theory loluntu karhulumente wengingqi inokufumaneka kwimbali lizwe. Ngowe-1860, uMlawuli Alexander II yabamba wokuguqula odumileyo. Okokuqala ekhulula ngamakhoboka. Oku kakhulu ndiyibhukuqe umphakathi yephondo, ingakumbi kwimimandla yasemaphandleni.

Ngokuba umlimi hlengiso emva zemskaja. Kwaba kanye njengoko utshintsho kurhulumente wengingqi. I-Regulations on amaziko zemstvo ngo-1864 ngabom wagxininisa into yokuba zemstvos msebenzi yezoqoqosho ezazikho ngokwahlukileyo izigqibo zolawulo bamandla.

Kubuyekezo kamasipala kufuneka publicists Slavophile ebhaliweyo. Umzekelo, Basil Leshkov wayekholelwa ukuba ukuzimela uluntu kurhulumente weza evela isithethe kwiinkulungwane ubudala Russian awayekho ngamaxesha amahle.

Edlamkileyo nezimo self-government wayechasa kukhal olungasebenziyo kade. "Top" izigqibo karhulumente zisoloko zenziwe. Official ukuthobela kuphela umyalelo onikwe kuye entloko. sengqondo esinjalo akanamdla kunye nokusilela luxanduva nabasebenzi bakarhulumente yahluke kakhulu umsebenzi we-Zemstvos. Umasipala wanika abantu balapha isixhobo ukuphumeza amaphulo zabo. ibhunga District - indlela enkulu ngokutsha uqoqosho kwaye liphumelela ngakumbi.

Ushintsho kwenziwa Alexander II ngomoya kwethiyori karhulumente karhulumente, umzele isiqhamo iminyaka embalwa. kuqoqosho olutsha Ngokusekelwe kunye nosomashishini. Kweli phondo imali owawunqumla zorhwebo. Zemstva kuba igwele lonke, okunyuke capitalism Russian, wenza i Russian uBukhosi ulelinye lamazwe anoqoqosho ezinkulu ehlabathini.

theory karhulumente

Ngelo xesha linye (kwinkulungwane XIX) theory jikelele seyihlatywe amadlala, kunye nokushiya izithuba. abamelene nazo Andiyithandi into yokuba umasipala eyahlukileyo evela kurhulumente kazwelonke. Phakathi kwezi iinkcuba zivelile ithiyori karhulumente karhulumente wengingqi. amalungiselelo ayo engundoqo zaphuhliswa ngabaphandi German Lorenz von Stein noRudolf Rudolf von Gneist. "Statists" wahlala phantsi eRashiya, apho iimbono anjalo ethandwayo njengenxalenye yenkqubo endala, akathandwa liberalism amazwe. Le ngcamango iye yaphuhliswa amagqwetha era pre-revolution UNikolai various, Alesandire Vladimir Gradovsky nehlazo.

Bona kunye nabalandeli babo babekholelwa ukuba oorhulumente basekhaya lweengcambu kunye kukarhulumente, nto ke leyo ebangele kuyimfuneko ukuba ukugcina oomasipala amaziko karhulumente yenkqubo. Kwangaxeshanye, amagosa ayikwazanga ukusebenza kwi zemstvos kunye namaziko efanayo. Kukho abantu ebekumele ukuba eze kuphela uluntu lwengingqi abanomdla kwiintlanganiso kamasipala eliphezulu-yokusebenza. Lo matshini karhulumente inkulu kakhulu kwaye lunzima nokulawula ngendlela eyiyo, umzekelo, kunye imisebenzi yekhaya. Ngoko ke uya ukunikezela amanye amagunya zemstvos ayo.

theory Political nezomthetho

Wabaseki karhulumente e-worldwork theory Lorenz von Stein noRudolf Gneyst hlukile izikhalazo eziliqela esisiseko. Ngoko ke, njengokuba njengenxalenye ngemfundiso yabo yonke wabonakala iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Rudolf von Gneist waba umdali theory zezopolitiko Stein yaphuhliswa zomthetho. Zahlukene njani? Rudolf von Gneist lowu ukuba unyulo lomasipala self-government akusosiqinisekiso ukuzimela kwabo. Oku kungenxa yokuba, xa umntu aye-ofisi yoluntu, uba ixhomekeke abasemagunyeni ngenxa yomvuzo. Oko ezisemthethweni, abameli abakhethiweyo kumasipala, asinto nani elizimeleyo. Izigqibo akhe kuchaphazela urhulumente kazwelonke. Ngayo le ntswela ukhokela awohluke kwinkqubo yezopolitiko.

Kwenzeka njani ukuba abameli abanyuliweyo ngokwabo? Rudolf von Gneist wacela Ukufometha kwizikhundla zabo bezvozmednye. Oku kuya kunika amalungu kamasipala ngenkululeko kwiimbophelelo igunya, ngokuba ezi imizimba kufika abantu kuphela ukuba bahamba apho ngokuzithandela kwabo kunye neenkolelo. Rudolf von Gneist wayekholelwa ukuba ezi zikhundla kwafuneka ukuba abameli abazukileyo ekuhlaleni. Noko ke, umbono wakhe ayifumanekanga inkxaso eninzi.

Lorenz von Stein yaqulunqa olunye uluvo, iselithwasile nenyanga theory zomthetho karhulumente weengingqi. Njani yahluke ukusuka kokucingelwayo kwaye Rudolf von Gneist abalandeli bakhe abambalwa? Stein wacinga ukuba kufuneka lubekhona ngokwahlukeneyo koomasipala evela kurhulumente kazwelonke. Abathunywa karhulumente inxalenye amagunya ayo kubo. Ngoko ke, oorhulumente beengingqi ukusombulula eminye imisebenzi yezolawulo ngaphandle kokuba ube yinxalenye umatshini ingenalo novelwano. Ezi theory karhulumente ukuba karhulumente weengingqi. Le tafile yamanani ibonisa indlela iimpawu zazo.

ezimbini

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ithiyori mihla urhulumente wengingqi ziquka imiba iingcamango eziye zavela kule nkulungwane XIX. Izazinzulu amisele oomasipala yangoku njengamaziko zokwabela abaphantsi phakathi kukarhulumente. Kukho nezinye iingcaciso. Umzekelo, eDenmark, urhulumente wengingqi ebizwa i "karhulumente ngaphakathi karhulumente."

Loo indlela yonxulumano phakathi kwabasemagunyeni kunye noomasipala ibonisa umgaqo ezimbini izinto ezinjalo. It is a sisiqinisekiso neenkolo ebizwa ngokuba 'imfundiso yobubini yorhulumente wengingqi. "

Umgaqo iphambili kuyo yinkolelo ilandelayo. Ukuba abameli abakhethiweyo le ukwenza imisebenzi karhulumente, bona ngokwabo babe yinxalenye kumatshini karhulumente. Kulo mzekelo, oorhulumente bengingqi ukuba zingakuchaphazeli iingxaki zolawulo, olungasebenziyo, asinto zanto. Umzekelo, ukusombulula imiba yezoqoqosho, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela komzi, kunzima kakhulu mali. Ngoko ke, oomasipala zidityaniswe lingene kurhulumente, ukwenzela ukuba nempembelelo kwimicimbi yangoku kummandla apho banoxanduva.

Modern yasekhaya self-government

Kwinkqubo mihla Russian yorhulumente kamasipala zaba negalelo inkulu nje kwithiyori yobubini karhulumente wengingqi. Le budlelwane kubonakala kwinto yokuba ngamabhunga anyulwe lomsebenzi ezikarhulumente ngokusekelwe urhulumente ngokusondeleyo edibene namanye.

Ukuba lo mbandela ngumba kubaluleke yasekuhlaleni, noomasipala basekhaya banokuthembela ukuzimela yayo ukusuka kwiziko. isigqibo sabo siya ezisekelwe ubukhulu becala kwiziphumo kwimboniselo "ngezantsi", kuba ngale ndlela ukulawula ubomi ezidolophini kakhulu ngempumelelo. Noko ke, xa abasemagunyeni kujonga iiprojekthi ezinxulumene nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, ukuba bahlanganisane kunye norhulumente kazwelonke yaye bayavumelana endaweni yayo. Loo nkqubo sisiphumo ukuhlehla ofanayo phakathi kumaziko ahlukeneyo karhulumente. Oku kuboniswa ngokupheleleyo okanye imfundiso ezimbini dualistic karhulumente wengingqi.

Ukuba ubize oomasipala kuphela abanawo, ingxelo loo nto ngaphezu kokuba isibhengezo elikhulu. ngamabhunga anyulwe yanamhlanje kwinqanaba lephondo ngendlela enye okanye omnye kufuneka basebenzisane norhulumente ukunceda ngempumelelo abantu ukuba baphile ngcono bonwaba. Kwaye le meko kuphela Russia.