Imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela. uphuhliso wayo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku

Ngcamango yokuzivelela - udibaniso lwamaxabiso wonke iimbono malunga nemithetho, indlela ye iinguqu ezenzeka kwindalo organic. Ngokutsho kwakhe, yonke ekhoyo kweli xesha langoku, iintlobo zezinto eziphilileyo sivela 'kwizalamane' zabo elikude utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. It lihlaziya indlela apho kukho uphuhliso eziphilayo ngamnye (ontogeny), uphonononga uphuhliso amaqela ezihambelanayo izinto eziphilayo (phylogeny) kunye nokuziqhelanisa zabo.

kwemvelo enemvelaphi yayo Kwamandulo, apho zemvelo, zobulumko Greece yamandulo naseRoma (Aristotle, Democritus, Anaxagoras ...) wavakalisa iingqikelelo zabo malunga nophuhliso kunye nokuguqulwa eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi izigqibo azizange ngokusekelwe kulwazi lobunzululwazi yaye umlinganiswa kuphela inawo. KumaXesha Aphakathi ekuphuhlisweni kwale mfundiso amileyo. Oku kwaba ngenxa ukubusa nemfundiso yonqulo scholasticism. Ngenxa yoko, kwihlabathi lamaKristu ixesha elide I abekuhambisa imbono chithi. Ngaphandle koku, abanye abaphengululi baye bavakalisa uluvo lwabo malunga ubukho izilo, njengoko oko kungqinwa miphumela iifosili.

Xa inkqubo ukuqokelelana izibakala ngenkulungwane ye-18, umkhwa omtsha - transformism apho safunda Ukwahluka iintlobo. Abameli nezimfundiso zawo abaphengululi ezifana J. Byuffoni, E. Darwin, E. Geoffroy Saint-Ilervo. ingcamango zabo kwemvelo njengobungqina waba zibakala ezimbini: ubukho iintlobo yenguqu ukufana interspecific ngesakhiwo lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo abafundi kwiqela elinye. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kwezi manani hayi kuxoxa malunga ngezizathu utshintsho.

Kwaba kuphela ngo-1809 kwakukho imfundiso i kwindaleko ka Lamarck, leyo Oku kuboniswe kwincwadi "Ifilosofi Zoology". Apha umbuzo oonobangela utshintsho uhlobo wavuswa kuqala. Wayekholelwa ukuba ngenxa bume nokutshintsha natshintsha ngokwakho Iintlobo. Ngaphezu koko, uye wangena ukushiyana, ngamanye sishintshe ukusuka asezantsi ukuya ephakamileyo. Le kwemvelo ngokwe Lamarck, sizalwa eento zonke eziphilileyo; avela nomnqweno kwimfezeko.

Ukuqwalasela yehlabathi zendalo kuye kwabangela ukuba amalungiselelo ezimbini engundoqo ziboniswe emthethweni "neuprazhneniya -. Umthambo" Ngokutsho kuyo, imizimba yazo kuphuhliswa njengoko zisetyenziswa, emva koko "ilifa iipropati lilungileyo ', ngamanye amazwi, Iimpawu elilungileyo enayinikelwayo ikwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana kwixesha elizayo, okanye uphuhliso lwabo kwenzekayo, okanye nyamalala. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi Lamarck kaThixo abuxatyiswa kwihlabathi yenzululwazi, Asikabi wapapasha incwadi zikaDarwin "Ngomhla Origin of Species." Njengoko bexambulisana bakhe wakhetha yendaleko ndizenzele zithandwa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, lo nzulu yaba lweli heritability iimpawu ezifunyenwe. Noko ke, kukho ungquzulwano babengabafundi kangangokuba bobabini negalelo ukuvuselelwa Lamarckism Lamarckism.

Nje ixesha elininzi, zebhayoloji uphando lukhokelele koko wabonakala kwingcamango zokwenziwa of izinto zazivelela. (SHE). It has akukho umhla ecacileyo imvelaphi kunye ngumbhali kwaye umsebenzi ezihlangeneyo izazinzulu. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ababhali ezininzi linye, ezinye izibonelelo ayikho uyathandabuza: kwiyunithi eziziziqalelo ngendaleko bubonakaliswe abantu bendawo; ngokuba kwemvelo lwento recombination kunye wezakhi lula ukumisela; esona sizathu siphambili uphuhliso apha naphaya yi zivunywa; Iimpawu cala kwakheka ngenxa kokushenxa yemfuza kunye nezinye izibonelelo.

Okwangoku, kukho inani elikhulu zesayensi zisebenzisa igama elithi "kwemvelo mihla." Akudingi baqonde ngendaleko yaye kwangaxeshanye impumelelo yayo ephambili kukuba apho utshintsho saltatsionnye enye kunye ngcembe.