I Roman Republic

Emva kokuba ukugxothwa ngendlela ngegqudu azenze Tarquinius Superbus eRoma waseka urhulumente republic. (. 509 - 27 BC) Roman Republic nobubanjelwe ngezigaba ezibini kwimbali yayo, ekuthiwa-ekuqaleni (509-265 BC.) Yaye emva kwexesha (264-27 BC). republic. Ngexesha lasungulwa eRoma ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza imveliso, nto leyo ebangele ukuba utshintsho olukhulu lwentlalo.

Inkqubo karhulumente waseRoma yamandulo kweli xesha idibanisa iimpawu yeengcungcu ibe yintando yesininzi. Amalungelo yezikhulu obuphezu - slaveholders izityebi abakhethekileyo.

Bemi eRoma kuphela abo yayinenkululeko, usapho kunye nobumi. Lonke bakhona yahlulwe okhululekileyo nolikhoboka. Yangaphambili, nayo, mayibalwe amaqela amabini iklasi: phezulu yesityebi ikhoboka elithembekileyo-ukuba abanini kunye nabavelisi akhasayo (amafama kunye neengcibi, nto leyo ezikufutshane nakwiidolophu). Amakhoboka ongokarhulumente okanye abantu abathile.

Roman Republic wawenza kwiklasi main baxhaphaze. ke imithombo Ubukhoboka bathinjwe, basiwe emfazwe, kwakunye ekuqaleni lokuziqhelanisa samoprodazha. Amandla abanini amakhoboka akukho izithintelo.

Obuzwe bonke abantu simahla Republic yahlulwe abemi kunye njengeyona (abantu basemzini). Abemi babe ngamakhoboka kunye yabaKhululwa, kodwa apho amalungelo abo.

Emva II -II kulo. BC nayiphi na iklasi nelungelo - aba nabanumzana (patricians etyebileyo plebs incam) nabakhweli (bazi zorhwebo kunye zemali mhlaba). Ukuze inxaxheba ebandleni, kwakunye ubambe gosdolzhnosti ukuba umninimzi kuphela - intloko iintsapho.

inkqubo yezopolitiko yamaRoma Republic njalo. Abasemagunyeni aphezulu karhulumente yile ilandelayo: iNdlu yeeNgwevu, ngeenkongolo yezifundiswa lwabantu. Assembly Abantu yabe iindidi ezintathu: centuriata, tributa kunye kuriatnye. Indima engundoqo edlalwa iintlanganiso centuriata. Phakathi kwe III. BC isakhiwo Assembly itshintshile. Baye sele asinikezwanga basebukhosini kuphela kunye neenkosi zawo esisityebi, waza waqalisa ngamnye amasuntswana abemi abazizityebi ukubonisa inani elifanayo iinkulungwane. Xa ububanzi nobuchule babo nokwamkelwa kwemithetho, declaration imfazwe, izikhalazo ukufa izivakalisi.

Ukubaluleka kubomi kwezentlalo nezopolitiko eyadlalwa Yeengwevu. Nangona ngokusemthethweni yaba sicelwe, kodwa amagunya ayo kunye nemisebenzi baba zemali, yowiso-mthetho, yehlelo zonqulo, imbonakalo, ukhuseleko loluntu kunye namazwe angaphandle.

ofisi Public babebizwa nomantyi. Baye yahlulwe eqhelekileyo (eziqhelekileyo) consuls ngeposi, censors, bamabutho, quaestors, njl olumangalisayo (obungaqhelekanga) wadala ngexesha iimeko likaxakeka: iimfazwe njl ukuvukela Ngokutsho iNdlu yeeNgwevu, uya kumisela oozwilakhe.

I Republic bamaRoma yayisekelwe umkhosi, yona idlale indima ebalulekileyo kakhulu ebomini karhulumente. Ngelo xesha umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle waphawulwa iimfazwe phantse rhoqo. Kwakukho umzabalazo kunye Carthage ukuba ilifa yaseMeditera Western (iminyaka malunga 120, ukususela 264 BC ukuya 146 BC, sahlala Punic Wars). Kwakhona ngeli xesha akhawunti ukulwa neSiriya kunye eMakedoni. Ngo 146 BC Roman Republic wasungula ubukhulu yayo phezu lweMeditera.

Nophuhliso loluntu eyayilikhoboka amaxesha kwiriphabliki yakhokelela ukuqhubela ephikisanayo bakhe kwezentlalo kunye neklasi. Ngo II. BC. e. ntlekele kwaqhambuka umbutho polis.

Kokuwa kwiriphabliki sakhatshwa iziganeko ezifana ezimbini okutyekisayo ikhoboka blood naphantsi ngokomyalelo nguSpartacus (74-70 gg.do BC), umzabalazo phakathi abanini ezinkulu nezincinane, intshukumo revolution ka plebs zasemaphandleni ikhokelwa yi abazalwana Gracchi, i Allied imfazwe obscheitaliyskim imvukelo nxamnye amandla waseRoma, nto leyo baphela nokusekwa ngokozwi Sulla, uze emva koko - uKesare.