Hydrides - is ... hydrides Application

Ngamnye wethu ujongene iingqiqo kwale nzululwazi, ngathi ngemichiza. Ngamanye amaxesha ziyafana kangangokuba kunzima ukwahlula enye kwenye. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda bonke bephela, kuba maxa wambi ukungaqondani kukhokelela imeko egezayo kakhulu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwiziphoso esingaxolelekiyo. Kweli nqaku siza kuxubusha oko hydrides, ezo ziyingozi kwaye izeziphi na, apho zisetyenziswa yaye afunyanwa njani. Kodwa siqala uhambo emfutshane umlando.

indaba

Ibali lakhe liqala lokubhaqwa hydrides hydrogen. Le element ngenkulungwane ye-18 bafumana Henry Cavendish. Hydrogen yaziwa ukuba zibandakanywe ekwakhiweni kwamanzi yaye sisiseko zonke ezinye izinto zonke lwezakhi. Enkosi kuye, ubukho oganikhi khompawundi kunokwenzeka yaye ubomi emhlabeni.

Ukongeza, hydrogen sisiseko iikhompawundi ezininzi ezingaphiliyo. Ezi ziquka asidi kunye neziseko zazo, kwakunye iikhompawundi unique hydrogen lokubini nezinye izakhi - hydrides. Umhla kuyondelelaniswe lwabo sokuqala ngqo ayaziwa, kodwa hydrides ezingezo-ebuntsimbi ziye zaziwa ukuba umntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ngakumbi. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo yabo - emanzini. Ewe, amanzi - yinto hydride kwe-oksijini.

Kwakhona kule klasi ziquka ammonia (component olungundoqo ammonia), hydrogen emanzini, hydrogen chloride, nezinto ezinjengezo. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi malunga neempawu zingangeni kule klasi ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye oluphawulekayo of iikhompawundi kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kwicandelo elilandelayo.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Hydrides - ikakhulu iigesi. Noko ke, xa sithatha hydrides yesinyithi (ukuba ezingazinzanga kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo yaye basabela ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngamanzi), oko kusenokuba eziqinileyo. Ezinye zazo (umzekelo, hydrogen bromide) zikhona ukwimeko engamanzi.

Inkcazo jikelele kwiklasi elikhulu enjalo kwezinto kube nje akunakwenzeka, ngokuba bonke ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke nto, eyinxenye ye hydride, ukongeza hydrogen, aneempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neempawu imichiza. Kodwa lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe iiklasi, umchiza apho into efanayo. Ngezantsi siqwalasela ngokwahlukileyo iklasi nganye.

hydrides Ionic - i hydrogen compound kunye nesinyithi kwealkali okanye ialakalin komhlaba. Bamele emhlophe eqinileyo, oluzinzileyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Phezu ubushushu, le khompawundi ibolile ukuba metal lwabo wabavoti woluntu kwaye hydrogen ngaphandle zinyibilike. Enye ngaphandle - yi LiH, leyo linyibilike ngaphandle yokubola kunye zokufudumeza strong ajike Li kunye H _2.

Metal hydrides - a compound utshintsho yesinyithi. Amaxesha amaninzi banalo sisincoko variable. Ezipilisi abekho isisombululo esiluqilima hydrogen intsimbi. Kananjalo ke isakhiwo crystal le sentsimbi.

Ngu hydrides covalent ngowam kanye uhlobo olusetyenziswa kakhulu eqhelekileyo on Earth: iikhompawundi hydrogen ne non-isinyithi. Wide indawo nokwabiwa ezi zinto ngenxa azinze phezulu, njengoko imixokelelwane covalent yeyona yomeleleyo umchiza.

Njengoko i hydride indlela umzekelo, lesilicon: SiH _4. Ukuba ujonga kuyo mqulu, sifumanisa ukuba hydrogen ngqongqo kakhulu uyarhuqeka Silicon atom engundoqo kunye electron yayo efanayo offset yinkulu kuso. Silicon has a electronegativity elikhulu ngokwaneleyo, ngoko, ekwaziyo umdla ngamandla electron ezingundoqo wayo, nto leyo eye yanciphisa ubude ulwalamano phakathi kuyo kunye atom ezikufutshane. Kwaye njengoko naziyo, ixesha elifutshane, uqhagamshelwano, ngoko oko kunamandla.

Eli candelo lilandelayo liza kuxubusha umahluko phakathi hydrides ezinye iikhompawundi ngokwemiqathango reactivity chemical.

iipropati chemical

Eli candelo kwakhona hydrides ezixabisa yahlulwe amaqela efanayo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kwaye siza uqale ngeempawu hydrides ionic. Umahluko omkhulu kwezinye iindidi ezimbini kuba ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisana kunye namanzi ukwenza hydrogen nokukhululwa kwealkali a gas. indlela Hydride - amanzi kakhulu umonakalo omkhulu, ngoko ke uxhulumaniso amaninzi egcinwe nge ngaphandle ukufuma. Oku kungenxa yokuba amanzi nokuba eziqulathwe emoyeni zingabangela i inguqu yingozi.

Sibonisa indlela equation ngentla Umzekelo kwezinto ezifana potassium hydride:

KH + H ₂ O = Koh + H ₂

Njengoko ubona, yonke ilula. Ngoko ke, siza kuqwalasela reactions ezinomdla kakhulu uphawu ezinye iintlobo ezimbini simchazela izinto.

Enyanisweni, ezinye utshintshwano angenziwa thina ngaphandle, uphawu zonke iintlobo zonke izinto. Batyekele azithethelele oxides intsimbi, isinyithi ukwakha, nokuba ngamanzi okanye hayidroksayidi (umphathi lo uphawu ialakalin kunye ialakalin-nomhlaba isinyithi).

Enye indlela umdla - yokubola thermal. Oku kwenzeka kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kwaye ubonakalisa ukuba ukuyilwa otyhidiweyo kunye hydrogen. Asazi kuhlala kule basabela, njengoko sele kuhlalutywa amacandelo adlulileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, siye sahlolisisa iimpawu olu hlobo iikhompawundi yokubini. Ngoku kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthetha ngayo ngamalungiselelo abo.

Ukufumana hydrides

Phantse zonke hydrides covalent - abantu ezintweni zemvelo. Abasakwazi kuzinza, ngoko musa kuwa phantsi kwempembelelo amabutho angaphandle. Nge ion nentsimbi hydrides yonke kancinane nzima ngakumbi. Ukuba azikho kwindalo, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba kuhlelwe. Oku kwenziwa kakhulu nje: ngokuhlanganisa hydrogen kunye element intsebenziswano efunekayo ukufumana hydride.

isicelo

Ezinye hydrides musa ukuba isicelo esithile, kodwa uninzi - zibaluleke kakhulu arhente loshishino. Asiyi kungena iinkcukacha, ngokuba bonke ngabanye babebeva ukuba, umzekelo, ammonia lisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi, kwaye buyafuneka izinto ekuveliseni acid iisoyi kunye organic. Ukusetyenziswa hydrides ezininzi libe lelona iimpawu iipropati yemizimba yethu. Ngoko ke, ukuba zisetyenziswa kuphela ukuhlola elebhu.

Isicelo - icandelo olubanzi kakhulu kule iklasi yezinto, ngoko thina kuphela ukuba izibakala jikelele. Inxalenye elandelayo uza kukuxelela ukuba bangaphi kuthi, ndingenabo obam ulwazi olufanelekileyo, ukudida umcimbi akuyongozi (okanye eyaziwa ubuncinane) phakathi kwabo.

into ephandwayo

Ngokomzekelo, abanye bakholelwa ukuba hydrogen hydride - into eyingozi. Ukuba uyakwazi bakubize impahla, ngoko akukho namnye wenza. Ukuba sicinga, hydrogen hydride - i hydrogen compound kunye hydrogen, kwaye kungoko - H ₂ molecule. Kakade ke, lo igesi kuyingozi, kodwa kuphela xa umxube mpilo. Xa uhlobo yayo enyulu akukho yingozi.

Kukho ezininzi iincwadi abangenagama. Bawela ingozi indoda engaqhelekanga. Noko ke, njengokuba kusenziwa imiboniso, uninzi lwabo azinabungozi kwaye asetyenziselwa iinjongo zasendlwini.

isiphelo

Chemistry World likhulu kakhulu, yaye sicinga ukuba, ukuba emva koku, emva kokuba nezinye izinto eziliqela, uya kuzibonela ngokwakho. Yiloo nto iyavakala ukuxakeka kwisifundo sakhe entloko yayo. Kwabantu uvule okuninzi ezintsha ngakumbi ihleli ayaziwa. Ukuba uvakalelwa kukuba akukho nto umdla kummandla hydrides, wena bayaphazama kunene.