The degree of igcwala - nto leyo ixabiso? Indlela ukujonga ubungakanani igcwala ngayo izinto?

Loo isifundo esikolweni ezifana chemistry kubangela iingxaki ezininzi kakhulu uninzi lwabafundi namhlanje, kakhulu bambalwa abantu owayenokugqiba iqondo igcwala kwi zinto. Le nobunzima kakhulu ngabantwana besikolo ukufunda ngesayensi ezingaphiliyo, oko kukuthi, abafundi bezikolo zaseprayimari (8-9 grades). Object ukungaqondani kukhokelela ungathandi besikolo ukuya kwesi sifundo.

Ootitshala unikeze inombolo izizathu zale "ukungathandi" abafundi abafundi bezikolo ezizisekondari eziphakamileyo chemistry: nokungafuni ukuqonda imigaqo entsonkothileyo imichiza, ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa ubuchule ukuze inkqubo ethile, ulwazi lwemathematika le ngxaki. I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo iye kwenziwe iinguqulelo ezininzinzi kweli umxholo wesifundo. Ukongeza, i "kunqunyulwa" kwaye inani leeyure zokufundisa zemichiza. Oku ngokungalunganga umgangatho ulwazi ngalo mbandela, ukuncipha umdla ekufundeni uqeqesho.

Yintoni izihloko chemistry unika abafundi enzima?

Phantsi inkqubo entsha ngexesha uqeqesho "Chemistry" yesikolo kuquka izihloko ezininzi ezinkulu: periodic table lweziqalelo D. I. Mendeleeva, iiklasi izinto ezingaphiliyo, ion exchange. Enzima definition ibanga anikwe igcwala karhulumente oxides.

imithetho nokubekwa

Okokuqala bonke abafundi kufuneka bazi ukuba oxides element-ababini iikhompawundi enzima, apho ekwakhiweni kuquka oksijini. A compound prerequisite yokubini ukubayinxalenye udidi oxides yi ioksijini yesibini indawo inamehlo elinikiweyo.

Bala loo isalathisi kulo naluphi na udidi lithile ifomula lifumaneka kuphela ukuba loo mfundi algorithm ethile.

Algorithm for oxides emuncu

Okokuqala, siphawula ukuba iqondo igcwala yeyona ndlela ngamanani Valence ngayo izinto. oxides emuncu wabumba non-isinyithi okanye isinyithi kunye Valence ezine ukuya kwezisixhenxe, indawo yesibini efunekayo oxides enjalo oksijini.

Le oxides oxygen Valence usoloko ingqamana ezimbini, kunokuba ukufumanisa ngendlela imiba lwezakhi D. I. Mendeleeva. Le esiveza non-metal mpilo, lo gama Group 6 ngamaxesha etafileni iqelana engundoqo, wamkela electron ezimbini, ukwenzela ukugqiba ngokupheleleyo inqanaba lamandla sayo. Non-isinyithi kwi khompawundi ioksijini rhoqo ebonisa valency liphezulu okuhambelana inani elo qela ngokwayo. Kubalulekile ukuba bakhumbuze ukuba iqondo igcwala eziqalelo imichiza sisalathisi kuqikelelwa inani entle (negative).

nokuma Nonmetal ekuqaleni ifomula abe igcwala karhulumente entle. oxides Non-metal oksijini-esitalini, -2 yayo zokunganyangeki. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuchaneka ulungelelwaniso lamaxabiso oxides acid kufuneka phinda wonke amanani nimambathe indices ye element ethile. Ukubala zithathwa isebenza xa lilonke udibaniso zonke iingenelo neengozi isethi 0 degrees lifumaneka.

Ukulungiswa ifomula element-amabini

The degree of igcwala lweziqalelo atomic unalo ithuba ukuyila ukurekhodisha ambaxa izinto ezimbini. Xa ukudala Ifomula ukuqala zombini imiqondiso kufuphi emiselweyo, ngenyameko yesibini ukunika ioksijini. On top of nganye kwamanqaku abhalwe ixabiso emiselweyo izidanga ze igcwala, ngoko afumaneka phakathi amanani linani oya kuba ngaphandle ngaku ngokulinganayo omabini amanani. Isalathisi kufuneka yahlulwe ngamnye ixabiso lenani weqondo igcwala ukufumana indices ukuba amacandelo yokuqala neyesibini yesixhobo element-mbini. igcwala karhulumente ephakamileyo ngamanani elingana nexabiso eliphezulu Valence nonmetal enohlobo efanayo inombolo qela, apho i-PS a nonmetal.

I algorithm ngomdlalo amaxabiso ngamanani kule oxides ezisisiseko

iikhompawundi ezifana zijongwa oxides metal ekuso. Bona zonke khompawundi umyinge we igcwala karhulumente elingekho ngaphezu omnye okanye emibini. Ukuze uqonde uya kuba yintoni na iqondo igcwala ye intsimbi, kuyenzeka ukuba basebenzise le nkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Xa iintsimbi ke nomnye eziphambili zeqela lokuqala, olu khetho usoloko rhoqo, uyafana inombolo kwiqela, oko kukuthi mnye.

Iintsimbi kwama engundoqo iqela yesibini linophawu esitalini igcwala karhulumente-phinde ngo 2 ngamanani. The degree of namachibi xa isixa oxides xa ucinga indices zabo (amanani) kufuneka banike zero, kuba umchiza uthathwa zinemoletyhule cala, abunaluthando a yamasuntswana kwentlawulo.

Ulungelelwaniso igcwala kwi asidi ioksijini aqulethe

Asidi kukho into entsonkothileyo elakhiwe ngekhaya elinye okanye ngaphezulu athom yehayidrojini anxulunyaniswa ezithile amasalela acid. Njengoko ukuba iqondo igcwala yinto ekujoliswe kuzo zolinganiso ngamanani ukubala kwabo kufuna ezinye izakhono zezibalo. Loo isibonisi hydrogen (Proton) kusoloko zozinzo asidi, ngu +1. Ukongeza kuyenzeka ukubonisa iqondo igcwala ioksijini ion negative, oku kwakhona kuzinza, -2.

Kuphela emva la manyathelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubala iqondo igcwala yecandelo usembindini ifomula. Njengoko isampuli ethile cinga iziqalelo emisela ngesidanga igcwala e sulphuric acid, H2SO4. Ngenxa yokuba kule molecule iziyobisi oluntsonkothileyo iqulethe ezimbini Proton hydrogen, 4 athom ioksijini, sinokuyifumana yimbonakaliso kwifomu + 2 + X-8 = 0. Ukuze azihlanganisele kuyilwa zero, y liqondo ngayo sulphur igcwala +6

Ulungelelwaniso igcwala kwi iityuwa

Iityuwa ukuba iikhompawundi entsonkothileyo eziquka ion zentsimbi kunye anions omnye okanye ngaphezulu. Iindlela izigqibo iqondo igcwala nganye izakhi ityuwa esimbaxa kuyafana njengakwi asidi ioksijini-equlethe. Njengoko ukuba iqondo igcwala lweziqalelo - nesalathisi digital, kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba iqondo igcwala le sentsimbi.

Ukuba metal uyila netyuwa kwi iqelana ephambili, isimo yayo igcwala uzinzile, ahambelana nenani qela yi-HIV. Ukuba ityuwa iqulethe metal esinjalo subgroups PS bembonisa ezahlukeneyo valences amisele Valence le metal ibe phezu amasalela acid. Xa iqondo igcwala ye intsimbi ukuze kufakelwe, wabeka izinga igcwala ioksijini (-2), ilandelwe yi ukubala iqondo igcwala komzimba engundoqo ngokusebenzisa i equation imichiza.

Ngokomzekelo, cinga inkcazelo igcwala ithi ngezi zinto kwi nitrate sodium (ityuwa eziqhelekileyo). NaNO3. kwama Sol ephambili metal iqela 1 ibunjiwe, ke ngoko, ukuba iqondo igcwala sodium ngu +1. Xa oksijini nitrate igcwala kwimo -2. Ukuze ubone ixabiso ngamanani igcwala ufanisa + 1 + X-6 = 0. Ekusombululeni lalenxaki, sinokuyifumana ukuba X kufuneka-5, oku ke iqondo igcwala-nitrogen.

amagama angundoqo e IAD

Kukho amagama ezizodwa kufuneka ukuba ukufunda kubafundi igcwala kunye nokunciphisa inkqubo.

Ngesidanga igcwala kukuba layo ukwalathisa qhoboshela ngokwalo (ukunika ezahlukeneyo) electron ukusuka ezinye ion okanye atom.

Le oxidant igqalwa atom cala okanye ion ngexesha indlela yemichiza ngokwayo ujoyina electron.

I-arhente ekunciphiseni uya atom uncharged okanye ion ukuba, xa inkqubo yentsebenziswano ngemichiza balahlekelwe electron zabo.

Inkqubo igcwala uchazwa impembelelo electron.

Indawo yoBuyiselo-linxulunyaniswa ukwamkelwa elektroni ezongezelelweyo atom uncharged okanye ion.

inkqubo Redox luphawulwa indlela, ngexesha apho ngokuyimfuneko litshintsha ngesidanga igcwala atom. Le nkcazo ivumela siqonde indlela kunokwenzeka ukuba ukujonga ukuba ngaba indlela Isi.

OVR imithetho lokuguqula

Ukusebenzisa le algorithm, le okuza lungalungiselelwa ngayo nayiphi na impendulo michiza.

1. Okokuqala kufuneka sibeke kwemichiza igcwala karhulumente ngamnye. Qaphela ukuba elula umcimbi igcwala imo zero, njengoko kungekho output (udibaniso) ngamasuntswana ezimbi. Imigaqo ukubeka namachibi xa iikhompawundi zokubini elementi ezintathu-zaxilongwa ngathi ngasentla.

2. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuchonga ezo athom okanye ion, eziye zenzeke ngexesha loguqulelo, igcwala yatshintsha.

3. Ebhalwe kwicala lasekhohlo lenxaki yi atom ekwanti okanye ion, ezithe zatshintsha amaqondo igcwala. Kuyimfuneko ukuba kwiphepha lomncono. Ukutyhubela izinto ezifunekayo ukubonisa ixabiso labo.

4. Ngaphezu koko kwathiwa athom okanye ion enziwa ngexesha reaction, umqondiso + ibonisa inani elektroni atom yamkelwe, - inani elingqukuva ngamasuntswana ezimbi. Ukuba inkqubo yentsebenziswano uncipha karhulumente igcwala. Oku kuthetha ukuba elektroni bathathwa atom (ion). Xa iqondo igcwala atom (ion) ukuba ukunikela electron ngexesha basabela.

5. Inani incinane lilonke athathiweyo ukwahlula kuqala, emva koko uphoswe ngexesha electron ifunyenwe okuza. amanani Point zezona zinto ezifunekayo stereochemical.

6. Ukumisela oxidant, reductant, iinkqubo ezithe zenzeka ngexesha basabela.

7. Inyathelo lokugqibela iza kuba ulungelelwaniso yeemeko stereochemical kwesi simo.

   Umzekelo OVR

Makhe sihlolisise ngokoqobo algorithm kwi ikhemikali reaction ethile.

Fe + CuSO4 = Cu + FeSO4

Thina ukubala zonke izinto ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo.

Ekubeni Fe kunye Cu na izinto ezilula, imo yabo igcwala ngu 0 In CuSO4, i-Cu + 2, ngoko 2 ioksijini, isalfure kwaye +6. In FeSO4: Fe-phinde ngo 2, ke ngoko, ukuba ibe O 2, Calc S +6.

Ngaba ngoku ufuna kwiziqalelo ukuba wayengenakuyijika amanani, kwimeko yethu, baya kuba Fe kunye Cu.

Ekubeni ixabiso emva ukusabela kwi-atom intsimbi yeyesi-2, 2 electron lanikwa basabela. Copper indices abo batshintsha ku-0 ukuya 2, ngenxa yoko ubhedu wathabatha electron-2. Ngoku ke chaza inani elektroni ezifunyenweyo, ndiziphose atom zentsimbi kunye neendlela cupric. Ngexesha ukuguqulwa esithathwe zesiqinisekiso electron ezimbini cupric electron efanayo intsimbi elinikiweyo atom.

Kule nqubo efanelekileyo ukumisela ubuncinane eqhelekileyo ezininzi, njengoko ithathwa bunikwe ngexesha ukuguqulwa elilinganayo inani electron. Kwakhona izinto Stereochemical benze ngolo omnye. Xa abasabela ngayo arhente nokunciphisa ziya ukubonisa iimpawu zesinyithi, ngoxa oxidized. Zesiqinisekiso divalent ubhedu liye lancitshiswa ngobhedu nimsulwa abasabela ngayo iqondo eliphezulu igcwala.

yokufaka izicelo

Formula degree of igcwala kufuneka yaziwe iklasi yonke yesikolo 8-9, njengoko lo mba iqukiwe umsebenzi OGE. Naziphi na iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke kunye oxidizing, ukunciphisa iimpawu, kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini bethu. Ukuba iinkqubo pathways sele emzimbeni womntu.