Teodor Gertsl: biography, iingcamango

Teodor Gertsl - umbhali, intatheli, umseki Zionism kwezopolitiko. Igama lakhe luphawu oluphambili kaSirayeli mihla yonke imbali yamaYuda. Theodore wadala World Zionist Organisation. igama lakhe kuthiwa iindlela ezininzi kunye nezitalato kwizixeko Israeli. Eli nqaku liza kuchazwa ngayo kwincwadi engobomi bomntu ngokufutshane zombhali.

ebuntwaneni

Teodor Gertsl wazalelwa Budapest ngo-1860. Lo mfana wakhulela kwintsapho yayingeyonxalenye, ababengengabo yayintsha nesiko lamaJuda. Ngakumbi kuba utatomkhulu wakhe Theodore a a ri Muyuda, waza wafunda Rabbi Yehuda Alcalay. Unina noyise yenkwenkwe kwi kumasiko ezininzi wamaJuda. Nangona Herzl oselula yomkhosi wadlula "bar mitzvah" nolwaluko, ukuzinikela kwakhe ubuYuda kunokuba phezulu. Wayengazi ulwimi okanye namasiko nezakhiwo kaSirayeli.

Learning

Teodor Gertsl ndisemncinane wayekuthanda ukufunda iincwadi nokubhala imibongo. Ngoxa ukufunda inkwenkwe esikolweni iye yapapashwa a Budapest ncomo ndaba zomsebenzi kunye neencwadi zakhe. Kungekudala Theodore washiya isikolo, utitshala ucatshukiswe neengcaciso anti-isiJuda.

Ngowe-1878, Herzl intsapho yakowabo yafudukela Vienna, apho abantu abatsha baya eyunivesithi zokuhlala ngokwahlukana ngokusemthethweni. Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, uTheodore wafumana isidanga sobugqirha yakhe waza wasebenza kangangexesha elithile kwi Salzburg zenkundla kwikomkhulu Austria. Kodwa kungekudala, umbhali elizayo ibotshelelwe nomthetho.

umsebenzi wokubhala and journalistic

Ukususela ngo 1885, Theodor Herzl, izinto ezithethwe ngabantu abacatshu- yayo nangoku ezisetyenziswa abaninzi abakwaSirayeli, benza kuphela ngembalelwano. Wabhala inani lwamabali bulumko kunye nemidlalo. Xa 1890s yokuqala umfana igama elihle yaseYurophu njenge intatheli okuqaqambileyo. Forte Theodore baba eseyi kunye satires. Nangona oko kwabuchaphazela kuphela umxholo lwamaYuda anti-kwamaJuda. Kunjalo, wamela eYurophu inani labantu ezaziwayo-kakuhle loo uhlanga yazeka ubuKatolika. Herzl sinethemba lokuba iya lokutyhala amanye amaYuda ukuba ukuguqulwa abaninzi, yaye kuya kukhokelela ekupheleni anti-kwamaJuda. Kodwa ke, weyiseka ukuba loo "ukubulawa" akukho ndlela yokuziphatha okanye nezenziwayo.

Dreyfus

Kungekudala Herzl, ibali lakhe lobomi yaziwa nawuphi na umYuda, waba lweli Zionism. Isizathu sokuba loo kwakunjalo Alfreda Dreyfusa. Le yokugqibela ukwenzeka kuye kwabonisa esidlangalaleni isiko "inhlawulo": Ububahluba noMyalelo kunye iyunifomu yakhe nekrele lakhe eyaphukileyo. Theodore waya msitho waza wawabetha ukubhomboloza sihlwele French. Oku kubizwa ukubulala Dreyfus.

nombuso wamaJuda

Kudalwa ngokutsha kurhulumente yamaYuda - ukuba le mbono ebanjwe umlilo Herzl. iimbono zombhali, zifuna inkxaso. Waza ke waya kukhangela ngawo Baron De Girsha kunye eRothschild - ecebe amaYuda ehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwaba umsebenzi lilize. Kodwa Theodore akazange ashiye izimvo zabo kwaye wabhala incwadana "UMbuso Jewish", equlethe iphepha 63. Apho, wachaza ngokweenkcukacha kutheni kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuyila, wamxelela nendlela yokwenza oko.

uphuhliso Zionism

Dreyfus phakathi kuhlaziswa kunye nokufa umbhali kwenzeka malunga neminyaka elishumi. Kweli thuba, uTheodore wakwazi ukuseka zonke izakhiwo eziphambili intshukumo Zionist. Ngowe-1897 e Basel, le nkongolo lokuqala yale ndawo. Qho ngonyaka inani lamalungu ayo zanda zejometri ukuqhubela phambili. AmaYuda ndabona Zionism intshukumo yezopolitiko wokwenene bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki zabo.

Kulo nyaka wokuqala umsebenzi wayo, uTheodore wazama ukuba acele inkxaso ye-Turkish Sultan (i-Land of amaSirayeli phantsi kolawulo lwakhe). Kodwa thethwano elide abaphumelelanga. Emva koko, Herzl wagqiba ukunikela ingqalelo ukuba eNgilani ngakumbi ejongelwe kwixesha elide elizayo. Ngowe-1917, xa Theodore uneminyaka 13 akakho, eli lizwe ngokoqobo yokuqangqulula esandleni kolawulo Turkish phezu kwiLizwe kaSirayeli. Kwaye ngoko England yakhupha Balfour Declaration, apho inkxaso ingcamango yokuseka karhulumente yamaYuda kwilizwe lakwaSirayeli.

Teodor Gertsl ku Russia

Njengeqhawe kweli nqaku batyelela ilizwe lethu ngo-1903. Kuzo zonke iindawo yamaYuda Theodore yamkele ngathi mesiya. Herzl bahlangana kunye namagosa Russian yaye babezama ukweyisela kubo ukufaka uxinzelelo sultan isivumelwano nenkampani yombhali ePalestina, waye jize ngempumelelo. Uye wenza kubonakale elikhulu Herzl Pleve (uMphathiswa Foreign). Mhlawumbi ke amazwi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Theodore welizwe lethu, "Ukuze unokuloyisa ihlabathi, ukoyisa Russia". Nazi zezicatshulwa ezimbalwa ethandwayo: "Imali - yinto elungileyo kunye nice, loo nto abantu nje kwaba senkangala," "Isityebi kungakwenza ube odumileyo; kodwa lona ihlwempu kukwenza iqhawe, "" A hlanga noluntu yembali yabantu, leyo eye ubukho utshaba eqhelekileyo. "

impilo Personal

Herzl nentsapho yakhe kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu into oyithandayo Zionism. Ngowe-1889, uTheodore watshata Julia Nashauer. Kodwa ke, ukuba umntu ophethwe, wanikela ingqalelo yakhe encinane. Esi sibini ubudala zibe abantu abaphethwe zizifo zengqondo. Oku kuye kwabachaphazela bayahlelwa oonyana Theodore. Paulina (indodakazi) wafa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. UNyana Hans wazibulala ngomhla kumngcwabo udade wabo. Intombi omncinane lezaBasebenzi phantse ebomini ochithe esibhedlele, wayigqiba kwenye kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zamaNazi. Kodwa wakwazi kuzala unyana. Ngo-1946, kuphela Umzukulwana Herzl kaThixo bazibulala. Ngoko ke, umbhali bengashiyanga ziindlalifa.

isifo

Ukongeza kumzabalazo kakhulu Zionism, Teodor Gertsl, ogama engobomi kuye uchazwe apha ngasentla, mna inxaxheba amadabi abaziingwanyalala ngomlomo belinye iqela. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuqhubela phambili isifo sentliziyo yakhe. Le meko intsonkothile inyumoniya. imeko umbhali Kungekudala emva mandundu, yaye wafa ngoJulayi 1904 ngo Edlah (Austria).

umngcwabo

Xa intando yakhe Teodor Gertsl wacela ukuba kungcwatywa ecaleni kuyise wayo eVienna. Ke kaloku kamsinya nje kwabantu bamaYuda baya kuba nethuba, makhe uya kuthwala umzimba wakhe kwilizwe lakwaSirayeli. Theodore mathambo abathuthwayo ngo-Agasti 1949. Ngoku ke uthuthu umbhali lokuphumla eJerusalem kwintaba Herzl. Imini kokufa umseki Zionism ukubhiyozela le mini 20 kwinyanga ka uTamuzi.