Socialist-Revolutionary Party eRashiya. Ifom urhulumente beqela SR

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ngenxa ye-Oktobha Revolution kunye nengcitho imfazwe yamakhaya, yamaBolshevik Party amandla weza eRashiya, apho, xa intlokoma ezahlukeneyo line yayo jikelele, inkokheli wahlala phantse de kube mzuzu ekungafuneki ye-USSR (1991). iminyaka historiography Official eSoviet waphefumlela abantu ingcamango ukuba lo amandla ulonwabele inkxaso inkulu inginginya, lo gama zonke ezinye imibutho yezopolitiko ngendlela enye okanye omnye babefuna ukuvuselela ongxowankulu. Le nto kakhulu ntiyiso. Umzekelo, i-Party Socialist-Revolutionary alalanise eqongeni, xa kuthelekiswa ne apho imeko iiBolsheviks maxa wambi yayibonakala uxolo kakhulu. Ngelo xesha linye i-mbuso Social wagxeka "ekulweni amandla sesigaba", saya nguLenin ukuba usurpation kwamandla kunye nengcinezelo kwentando yesininzi. Ngoko ke yintoni uhlobo iqela le nto?

Omnye kubo bonke

Kakade ke, emva imifanekiso ezininzi yokuluka idaliwe kweenkosi "ubugcisa realist yobusoshiyali", ujongo semfene emehlweni abantu Soviet Socialist Revolutionary Party. SRs wakhumbula xa bali malunga imizamo nguLenin ngo-1918, ukubulawa Uritsky, imvukelo Kronstadt (imvukelo) kunye nezinye iinyaniso engasi ndawonye. Kwakubonakala ukuba "bathulula ezandleni" counter-revolution, wazama ukuba ngokuzikhama le amandla eSoviet kwaye kupheliswe iinkokeli yamaBolshevik ngokwasemzimbeni. Ngelo thile xesha silibale ukuba kumbutho omnye okhokelwa umzabalazo enamandla komhlaba kunye "amabamba basebukhosini", wachitha imali elingu zokuhlaselwa abanqolobi ngexesha neziphithiphithi ezimbini Russian, kwaye ngexesha leMfazwe Civil wabangela ezininzi iingxaki intshukumo White. ukungacaci Oko kukhokelele kwinto yokuba Party Socialist-Revolutionary waba nobutshaba phantse onke amaqela alwayo, engena nabo ubuhlobo yethutyana luyo ikhulule okufanayo ukuze baphumeze iinjongo zabo ezizimeleyo. Yintoni na? Oku akunakwenzeka ukuba aqonde ngaphandle kokufunda inkqubo party.

Imvelaphi kunye nokudalwa

Kukholelwa ukuba indalo le Social Revolutionary Party kwenzeka ngo-1902. Oku ngandlel kuyinyaniso, kodwa hayi kakhulu. Ngowe-1894 Saratov Abantu Freedom Society (ngasese, kunjalo) livelise inkqubo zayo, ezo zinokuba ngaphezulwana olukhulu kunangaphambili. sibini abaneminyaka waya imveliso le nkqubo, libasike oko phesheya, upapasho, ishicilela amaphetshana, nokuzisa eRashiya kunye nezinye zazo ezinxulumene ukuvela esibhakabhakeni yezopolitiko mbutho mtsha. Emva koko isangqa encinane ekuqaleni waqondisa Argun, ngubani igama ngalo, ngokuba 'Union of Socialist mbuso. " Lo mqathango yokuqala yaba kukudala amasebe elitsha iqela kunye nokusekwa nolwalamano ezinzileyo kubo, kubonakala kakhulu ubhalo. Ofisi zasekwa kwizixeko ezinkulu ubukhosi - IKharkiv, Odessa, Voronezh, Poltava, Penza kwaye, kakade, xa ikomkhulu, eSt Petersburg. Isicoco inkqubo yokwakha iqela yabonakala omzimba. Le nkqubo 'Revolutionary Russia "phephandaba sapapashwa. Eli phetshana livakalise ukuba indalo le Social Revolutionary Party yaba accompli bakwazi. Yaba ngo-1902.

imigomo

Naziphi na izenzo amandla ezopolitiko, ekhokelwa yi-nkqubo. Olu xwebhu, esityatyathwe sisininzi kwinkongolo owaseka, wathi iinjongo kunye neendlela, namahlakani kunye iqela, eziphambili mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba kunye imiqobo ekwakufuneka yoyisiwe. Ukongeza, izikhokelo elikhankanyiweyo ulawulo, amabhunga olawulo ezikolo kunye nemiqathango kobulungu. imisebenzi party SRs kwenziwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

1. Ukusekwa eRashiya lukarhulumente okhululekileyo nolawulwa ngokwentando yesininzi kunye nenkqubo federal.

2. Ukunika bonke abemi lufane.

3. I-Declaration kunye amalungelo nenkululeko yesazela, cinezela, intetho, umbutho, imibutho njalo njalo.

4. Ilungelo lemfundo free.

5. Ukupheliswa kwe imikhosi exhobileyo nje isakhiwo karhulumente esisigxina.

6. Usuku iiyure ezisibhozo-.

7. Ukwahlulwa ecaweni kunye karhulumente.

Kwakukho iingongoma ezimbalwa, kodwa jikelele kubangelwa yaphinda slogans ye Mensheviks, kwiBolsheviks kunye neminye imibutho nabo afuna ukumbamba igunya SRs. Inkqubo iqela ibhengeze amaxabiso neminqweno efanayo.

Ububanzi lwesakhiwo ebonakalaliswe elinegunya echazwe maphepha. Uhlobo urhulumente Socialist Revolutionary iqela yayiquka kumanqanaba amabini. Ngeenkongolo and Councils (kwithuba mezhsezdovsky) ukwenza izigqibo zobuchule zazenziwe i-Central Committee, umzimba esilawulayo.

Abalweli kunye umbuzo agrarian

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, eRashiya yaba lilizwe abalaseleyo kwezolimo, apho abalimi isininzi sabantu. Udidi ukuba iiBolsheviks ngokukodwa, kunye Democrats zentlalo abajongwa umva baboniswa ngokwezopolitiko nethuku abucala-ubunini, wabuyisa ukusuka vuswetini kuphela indima sizana ekufutshane sabasebenzi, kaloliwe ye revolution. Eziliqela imbono ezahlukeneyo kulo mba SRs. Le nkqubo party zibandakanya ngokwasentlaweni kwelizwe. Kulo mzekelo, akubanga mayelana, okt utshintsho kubunini yoluntu, kodwa hayi ukusasazwa zabasebenzi balo. Ngokubanzi, ngokutsho Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, le ekufikeleleni idemokhrasi yokwenyani engafikanga kuloo lali, yaye vice versa. Ngoko ke, lo nobunini babucala kwezibonelelo zezolimo kufuneka rhoxisa intengiso yaye nokuthintela intlawulo oorhulumente bengingqi, leyo uya kukwabela bonke "ezilungileyo" ngokweemfuno zabathengi. Yonke kunye, kwathiwa ngokuba 'elihle kwezentlalo,' umhlaba.

abalimi

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ngokuvakalisa ilali ngumthombo olobusoshiyali icala ebeyinalo Social njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo ngabahlali yayo ngononophelo ngokwaneleyo. Le nabalimi belizwe zange ngokwenene zizakubalulwa a nokubhala ekhethekileyo yezopolitiko. Yintoni ukuba alindele ngayo ezi nkokeli kunye namalungu elikwisikhundla esiphezulu lombutho wayengazi ubomi abantu yayintsha kubo. -Mbuso Socialist "umphefumlo abagulayo" abantu kakubi, yaye, njengoko kudla wayekholelwa ukuba ukwazi ukuvuyisa, ngaphezu indlela. ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba amabhunga ezithe zavela ngethuba yokuQala Russian Revolution, bomeleze impembelelo zombini abalimi kunye bume yomsebenzi. Njengoko kuba sabasebenzi, yaye ke ukuba isimo sengqondo wokugxeka. Ngokubanzi, ubunzima abasebenzi kuthathwa ukuba amorphous, kwaye kufuneka enze iinzame ezinkulu ukuba nobunye.

ukwesaba

Socialist-Revolutionary Party eRashiya iye yaphinda yathandwa kunyaka kusungulwa wayo. Minister of the Interior Sipiagin wadutyulwa Stepan Balmashev baze balungiselele nokubulawa G. Girshuni, awonisa ephikweni umkhosi lo mbutho. Kwaza abagrogrisi ezininzi (eyona idumileyo zithathwa udavshiesya imizamo S. A. Romanova, uyisekazi ka Nicholas II kunye noMphathiswa Plehve). Emva kokuba revolution, Party yasekhohlo SRs baqhubeka uluhlu azamkelekanga lwamaxhoba zayo iinkokeli ezininzi iiBolsheviks, lowo kwakukho umahluko omkhulu. Ukukwazi ukucwangcisa izenzo ngabanye ubugrogrisi kunye impindezelo bamelene ngamnye kunye AKP ayikwazanga bakhuphisane naliphi iqela elinye lezopolitiko. ngokwenene SRs nya intloko Petrograd Cheka Uritsky. Ngokumalunga kokugwintwa esenziwe Michelson mveliso, ibali kungacacanga nje, kodwa ilawulwa ngokupheleleyo ayikwazi kuba ukubandakanyeka kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, izinga ngokunxunguphala ngobuninzi kubo phambi iiBolsheviks ukude. Noko ke, mhlawumbi, ukuba beza igunya ...

Azef

A ubuntu kaHomer. Yevno Azef kwakhokelela umbutho silwe yaye sele ngokuqiniseka zingqineke, ezisebenze ngayo kunye nesebe zokucupha yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - kuzo zombini ezi, ezahlukeneyo kangaka iinjongo kunye neenjongo, izakhiwo, ukuba bavuya gqitha. Azef liye laququzelela uthotho abagrogrisi nxamnye abameli wolawulo yobukumkani, kodwa inkonzo ofihlakeleyo yanikezela inani elikhulu namabutho. Kuphela ngo-1908 siyibhentsisile SRs bakhe. Leliphi iqela ahlupheke nezikhundla zayo ungumngcatshi onjalo? IKomiti Central wanikela isigwebo sayo - ukufa. Azef ngaba sebubini ezandleni namaqabane akhe ngaphambili, kodwa ke yakwazi ukukhohlisa kubo abaleke. Wakwenza njani akucaci ngokupheleleyo, kodwa inyani kukuba kude 1918 awayephila akazange ababulawa yityhefu, umkhala okanye imbumbulu, kwaye isifo sezintso, leyo "ekuthengeni" entolongweni eBerlin.

Savinkov

Social Revolutionary Party umdla izama ezininzi ngomoya, owafuna kwinqanaba isicelo mthetho Talanov ebalulekileyo zabo. Omnye wabo Boris Savinkov, lowo waqala umsebenzi lwezopolitiko njengendlela silinene, waza ke wangena abagrogrisi. Beqela Social njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo kweza unyaka emva indalo yayo, yaba lokuqala elifike Azefs, bathatha inxaxheba kumalungiselelo ukuhlasela ezininzi abanqolobi, kuquka eyona resonant, sanga singabamiselwe ukufa, basaba. Emva kokuba October Revolution walwa Bolshevism. Ufune ukuba amandla uphakamileyo eRashiya, ndasebenza Denikin, wayeqhelene Churchill kunye Pilsudski. Savinkov wazibulala emva kokubanjwa kwakhe yiKGB ngowe-1924.

Gershuni

Grigoriy Andreevich Gershuni wayengomnye amalungu asebenzayo iphiko wamajoni Socialist Revolutionary Party. Waqondisa imidlalo izenzo abanqolobi nxamnye uMphathiswa Sipiagin, ukuzama ukubulala lo irhuluneli Harkova Obolenskogo kunye nezinye iintshukumo ezininzi ezenzelwe ukufezekisa inkqubela yesizwe. Wasebenza yonke - evela Ufa kunye Samara eGeneva - ekwenzeni umsebenzi lombutho kunye nolungelelwaniso izangqa komhlaba engingqi. Ngowe-1900, wabanjwa, kodwa Gershuni wakwazi ukuphepha izohlwayo, njengoko yena, kukophula yokuziphatha iqela, bemmangalela wakhanyela nayiphi na inxaxheba kubume efihlakeleyo. Kodwa kukho ukusilela, balandelana sigwebo ngo-1904 eKiev: link. Ukubaleka ekhokelwa Gregory A. wayehlala eParis, apho wafela kungekudala. Yaba igcisa lokwenyaniso orhwaqelisayo. Ukuphoxeka engundoqo wobomi bakhe a Azefs ewolo.

Party e War Civil

Obolshevichivanie Amaqumrhu elimiselweyo kuni, ngokutsho Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, okwenziwe, kunye neendlela conductive ababenganyanisekanga kwakhokelela nokurhoxa abameli babo iqela. Imisebenzi nenye khona. I SRs wangena umfelandawonye yethutyana kunye emhlophe, abomvu, kwaye macala omabini baqonde ukuba intsebenziswano into isuke yi kuphela umdla kwezopolitiko zexesha elifutshane. Ekubeni wafumana ngesininzi kwi kwiNdibano neqela, iqela ayiphumelelanga ukufumana impumelelo. Ngowe-1919, i-iiBolsheviks, kuqwalaselwa ixabiso amava lombutho abagrogrisi, lenze isigqibo ngokusemthethweni imisebenzi yayo kwi ez kolawulo lwabo, kodwa eli nyathelo waba nafuthe ngobunzulu anti-eSoviet. Nangona kunjalo, i SRs amaxesha ibhengeze yanqumamisa yokusebenza, ukuxhasa omnye amaqela aphikisanayo. Ngowe-1922, amalungu AKP ngokupheleleyo "kubonwa" iintshaba revolution, baza baqalisa nokuphelisa epheleleyo yonke ummandla Soviet Russia.

in ekuthinjweni

La madoda AKP amazwe kwavela elide phambi kokuba ukoyiswa kanye iqela ngo-1918. Esi sakhiwo sakhe singavunywanga yiKomiti Central, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, eyayikho eStockholm. Emva kokuvalwa de facto eRashiya elubhacweni baba phantse bonke abaseleyo kunye namalungu aseleyo iqela ngokubanzi. ukuba bagxila ikakhulu e Prague, eBerlin kunye Paris. Koko wabubhekisa umsebenzi iiseli amazwe, Victor Chernov, owabalekayo amazwe ngo-1920. Ukongeza "Revolutionary Russia", epapashwe elubhacweni kunye nezinye oolindixesha ( "Kuba abantu!", "Notes Modern"), nto leyo ibonakalisa ingcinga ephambili ukuba ezingekhoyo ngaphantsi yangaphambili kutshanje balwa nxamnye nokuxhaphaza. Ekupheleni kwezi 30, beqonda imfuneko ukuze kubuyiselwe yongxowankulu.

Ukuphela Socialist-Revolutionary Party

Umlo KGB SRs lokusinda waba isifundo kweenoveli ezininzi zobugcisa iimovie. Ngokubanzi, indlela ezi mveliso kunxibelelana eneneni, nangona wondla ophambene. Enyanisweni, intshukumo SR yi yee nenani-20 isidumbu kwezopolitiko, ongenabubi ngokupheleleyo kwiBolsheviks. Ngaphakathi Soviet Russia SRs (ngaphambili) mercilessly wambamba, kwaye maxa wambi zentlalo-revolution iimboniselo wada wathi ebantwini, akasoze babelane. Utyando ngempumelelo nokutsalela a amalungu ingakumbi kwesigele le Party eSoviet Union ezazijoliswe ukufunda impindezelo ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo efayilini omnye sesichengeni lwemibutho komhlaba anti-eSoviet. Endaweni SRs esemkhumbini kungekudala wathabatha Trotskyites, Zinoviev, Bukharinites, Martovites kunye nezinye zangaphambili iiBolsheviks, waba ngesiquphe nochuku. Kodwa elo lelinye ibali ...