Shogun - yintoni na le nto? shoguns iBhodi e Japan

impucuko Japanese ithathwa besebancinane. Nangona iziqithi Japanese baqalisa ukuhlala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwewaka eyadlulayo, abantu ndawonye kwi eyayiyingxubevange izizwe kwenzeka kuphela kwinkulungwane yesibini BC. Okwimo sokumiswa kuphela weza apha AD ngenkulungwane yesithathu, xa umanyano izizwe Yamato unamandla okumdambisa abaseleyo yohlanga, nokuba ibe inkulu. Ngokuthe ngcembe igunya Yamato clan waba ngathi yokumkani, wabiza nabaphathi babo abalawuli ngokwabo ( "Tenno"). Enye elithi "Shogun" (kunoko, umphathi - mkhosi High), yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiinkulungwane kamva.

Imvelaphi yamandulo samurai

EJapan, kwiinkulungwane 6-7 isambuku bakhona zimelwe abalimi, kukho kwakhona babengamakhoboka yaye abemi engalinganiyo yoluntu Japanese, ngokufuthi equka eChina baseKorea. Abalimi bazizisulu irhafu ngendlela evisisana ngohlobo kwemveliso kunye irente nemali, zazisiya ekusebenzeni aze zinxibelelene ilizwe. Ukuphelisa umlimi noqhankqalazo feudal udale amaqela wamajoni abaqeqeshwe ngokukodwa - samurai, kunye namandla olawulo kweli lizwe behlelo asebukhosini, ngubani becala babengamalungu sodidi efanayo njengoko umlawuli ephakamileyo.

I shogunate lokuqala embalini yase Japan

shoguns Japanese ngokusemthethweni bubonakala AD ngenkulungwane ye-11. Ngomhla kummandla Japan waqalisa ukwenza iqela neenkosi zomkhosi bondage, baba phakathi kwawo Taira kunye Minamoto. Ke wabangela civil imfazwe 1180-1185 gg., Zilwe zona apho ezenzeka ehlabathini kwisiqithi Honshu. Kumacala omabini ngaphambili kwakukho amakhulu amawaka amaqela zomkhosi, Abafa godlo zonakale. Ophumelele yaba Minamoto clan, ogama ummeli, Yoritomo, eyanikwayo ngo-1192 isihloko "Seyi Tay Shogun" - ". Abaziintloko, bakhona uboyisa" elithetha Ngoko kwabonakala imbali Japan shogunate.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba imfazwe yamakhaya eJapan ngelo xesha eneneni iphumelele akukho Yoritomo, ke yona eyomninawa wakhe - Yoshitsune, leyo ngokunxulumene umlawuli ibitheni ndagxothwa komkhulu. Ngokutsho kwezinye amavo, Yoshitsune yabaleka Japan ukuya mpumalanga, apho ke igama "Genghis Khan", Kwelinye - uzibulele. Kwakhona ilejendi umdla malunga ukufa Yoritomo emva ukuwa ukusuka ihashe kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba zehashe Wawumisa, wabona ghost ka Yoshitsune.

Kwafika elithi evela China

Ukuba Japanese buza: "Cacisa la magama" Shogun "," taysegun, "njalo-njalo ...", Iimpendulo inokuba kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Into yokuba ingqikelelo weza eJapan evela eTshayina, apho yasasazwa ngohlobo "ngasese Shogun", nto leyo iguqulelwe ngokuthi "nomphathi emthini omkhulu." Ngokutsho legend, umphathi owaziwayo Chinese mkhosi Hyo-I wayethobekile kangangokuba xa malunga kokoyisa kwakhe bathetha esidlangalaleni, wabaleka phantsi komthi omkhulu, kungekhona ukumamela badumise kwidilesi yakhe.

Encwadini yeembali igama Japanese "Shogun" kunye attachments ezahlukeneyo ezikhankanywe kwiinkulungwane 7-8 ngayo ixesha lethu, kuquka:

• fukusegun - "usekela-mkhosi";
• taysegun - "mkhulu jikelele" (consoles ezimbini izithuba abathwali zaye zohlulwa ephakamileyo ngokuhla kuluhlu);
• tinteki shogun - inkokeli mkhosi lowo woyisa bakhona ze-West;
• nje Shogun - nophumelele bakhona baseMpuma;
• tindzyu Shogun - umphathi-conciliator.

Isihloko sokuqala ukuba ibuyiselwe

Ngaloo mihla, ethwala le isihloko igosa eliphezulu, ngubani wabubhekisa umkhosi okanye inxalenye yayo, nokuba sisithunywa sezulu. Isihloko wanikwa kwiphulo lomkhosi, waza wabuyela kumlawuli. Lo msitho yamandulo "yokuqalisa" kucingelwa ummiselo okuyimfihlo ngalo mba (mabavunyelwe) kunye noqeqesha ngenkqubo ikrele kwesithethe kwibhotwe asebukhosini. Kamva, le nkqubo modified. Umzekelo, ukuba abameli abadala abayi kuvunyelwa waya ngaphakathi entendelezweni yendlu eKyoto kubaphulaphuli, yaye kwiinkulungwane 14-19 mabavunyelwe bazisa shogun "phezu kwendlu". Wafaka kwibhokisi impendulo evela phantsi Edict zentlabathi yegolide, wayibuyisela unozakuzaku yasebukhosini kwaye wathembisa ukuba balandele "umzekelo eliqaqambileyo" umlawuli Yoritomo Minamoto.

Shogun ngakwazi ukuba umntwana oneminyaka ubudala

Shoguns ulawulo eJapan ngangosuku 1192 de uxwebhu olusisiseko Revolution. Ngeli xesha, umphathi ephakamileyo zidluliselwa amandla akhe ilifa ezidityanisiweyo izithuba zikarhulumente phezulu, lo gama amandla umlawuli yaba kunokuba ceremoniously-par. Ngu Minamoto Yoritomo wafa, amandla wegqitha waya regents, unyana wakhe - i Hojo clan.

Emva kokuba ekumeni sodidi Minamoto shoguns patrilineal Japanese, mhlawumbi ixesha kuphela kwimbali, kuquka nenani labo umntwana lo Fujiwara clan, owayeqeshwe kwi-ofisi ephezulu yoluntu ngexesha eneminyaka emibini.

Kamakursky shogunate yazisa iflegi yesizwe yaseJapan

I shogunate yokuqala eJapan kwafuneka njengenkunzi yayo kwisixeko Kamakura, benjenjalo ukumemeza Kamakurskim shogunate. Eli xesha zembali waphawulwa ngenxa neengxabano phakathi kweentlanga kunye nokuvelela lwamalungu samurai - "Abantu servicemen" ngubani owenza bodidi emkhosini-feudal iingangamsha encinane, ukukhusela zikhonze "daimyo." Ngelo xesha Japan ngenxa ngongenelelo amandla endalo ikwazile yokugxotha ngesinyanzeliso emibini Mongol (iminyaka 1281 no 1274) kwaye ufumane iflegi yesizwe, apho, ngokutsho legend, awawunika shogunate dha - uMphathi Nichiren.

uqhekeko wobukhosi

Minamoto Yoritomo, Shogun (photo umzobo phandle ngentla), emva kwemfazwe kwiphondo ngalinye amisiweyo iirhuluneli zomkhosi, ngokuhamba kwexesha wayiqokelela ibutho wamajoni, waza buzinze ezandleni kwesabelo. Kwangaxeshanye, Japan iseke ubudlelwane borhwebo elihle China kunye Korea, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukutyebiseka izinduna emzantsi-mpuma.

iinkqubo ezinjalo abafani izinduna ekujongeni ireyithi Kamakura, ezikhokelela ungquzulwano kunye nokudluliselwa amandla Ashikaga clan. Abameli yokugqibela babesuke Kamakura owababhuqa Kyoto, kufutshane Imperial Palace, apho wachitha imali eninzi kakhulu kwi umdlalo kunye ikratshi yezikhulu wenkundla. imicimbi State kwimo yokungakhathali ezakhokelela ukugxininiswa lweerhuluneli zomkhosi kwezinye iindawo zeli lizwe kunye elitsha sigaba imfazwe yobukhaya.

Shoguns kulawula eJapani ngo-1478 - iminyaka 1577, kwakhona sikhatshwe ungquzulwano zomkhosi phakathi phantse onke amaphondo, wakhokela bukhosi elunxwemeni ekuweni ngenkulungwane ye-16. Kodwa kwakukho "daimyo" - ummeli le-Elite phakathi samurai (Nobunaga), ngubani wamthoba embindini lizwe kunye kwikomkhulu Kyoto, yoyisa iinkosi ezinkulu feudal sabasiza nezikhundla zayo abanetalente jikelele - Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Shogun ngakwazi ukuba ngumlimi

Oku akafundanga kodwa izama kwaye ekrelekrele uvela kusapho yamahlwempu emva kokufa abameli clan Nobunaga akugqiba lokumanywa Japan (ngo-1588). Ngenxa yoko, udidi ummeli nonaristocratic ngokwenene wafumana itayitile "Shogun." Ekuqaleni, oko blurs imida phakathi kwezigaba, kodwa umthetho Hideyoshi xa kuqinisekiswa onke amalungelo zonke samurai kwaye nkqu sisilwela ukususwa kwezixhobo (amakrele) zaba balimi.

shoguns elandelayo Japanese, kodwa ukusuka wafika clan walawula Japan phantse ikota yenkulungwane. Isibakala sokuba Hideyoshi wasinika amandla unyana wakhe, umntwana, yaye ngokuxhomekeke ukugada. Nje phakathi nabondli bema wafika Ieyasu, leyo nya amandla esemthethweni waza waqalisa ukulawula ngokukhetha njengoko elikomkhulu eTokyo mihla.

Ekuqaleni, lo samurai aba Elite

Ebudeni bolawulo yendlu wafika waba inkqubo iimeko yolawulo eli lizwe - umlawuli ndayihluthwa kwamandla, bangena kumabhunga isixeko lwabadala, uluntu baziindidi. indawo lwiimi nekuhlala amajoni - samurai. Kwakhona ngoku amafama, amagcisa, abarhwebi, beqonga neemvakalelo, pariah kunye namahlwempu, nazo ezabelwe iklasi eyahlukileyo. Ngexesha kolawulo wafika samurai aba elite yoluntu, nto leyo seshumi yabantu, yaye amalungelo amaninzi. Kodwa ke inani wamajoni yaba okungeyomfuneko, yaye ezinye samurai waba ninja, ronin (Anni baqesha), ngoxa abanye baye bafudukela ukuba abathengisi okanye waqalisa ukufundisa ishishini zomkhosi kunye nenkolo "Bushido" - Code of the samurai. Abasasazi efanayo Ronin waba ukucinezela imikhosi karhulumente.

Izizathu lokuphelisa wolawulo shogunate

Yini na ke wawela azisalungiseki phantsi kolawulo korhulumente le Shogun? Ukuphonononga mbali ibonisa ukuba lizwe ngenxa yokukhula kobudlelwane yorhwebo Kwabonakala iklasi loohlohlesakhe abathile, nto leyo zicinezelwa ngamandla ngamagosa shogunate, yaye oko kwabangela uqhankqalazo. Xa umaleko ezisezidolophini nesuka zizifundiswa, nayo leyo wafuna ukucinezela, ingakumbi, ngenxa yokunqwenela kwayo ngamaShinto ekuvakaliseni noFaro of Japanese nokuba iklasi kunye nabanye.

Urhulumente sele wavalwa nezinye iinkonzo (ubuKristu), abafowunelwa limited namanye amazwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni zoqhankqalazo, ekugqibeleni, kukhutshelo le wafika shogunate kwamandla karhulumente emva umlawuli ngo-1867. Namhlanje, "Shogun" eJapan - ligama yembali, ekubeni ndawo kwapheliswa ngexesha uxwebhu olusisiseko, lwenzeka ngo-1868 - iminyaka ngo1889.