UMZEKELO ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani. umbutho statistical esweni

Kuluntu mihla, bekungayi kuba lula ulawulo uqoqosho ngaphandle kwale nzululwazi kubalulekile, njengoko amanani. Le ngqeqesho eminyaka badlale indima isixhobo eyimfuneko ngempumelelo naliphi na ilizwe. Kwaye akazange into inqanaba kunye ibakala nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

Ezo data, ezo eqokelelwe manani, yaye oku namhla lisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, njengoko kubonisiwe kule inkalo ubungakanani ngezenzeko mass ezikhoyo eluntwini.

le nkcazelo

Igama elithi 'Amanani' uye iintsingiselo ezininzi kunye ezininzi kabini. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho malunga namawaka iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo kwikota. Ukuchaza isayensi, amanani, ukuzama zobulumko nje kuphela, kodwa abezoqoqosho, zezibalo, ababusi izazi.

kanye igama ngenxa yale ingqeqesho, livela "status" Latin. Eguqulelwe lithetha "imeko ethile bemicimbi." Namhlanje, Noko ke, igama elithi "statistics" ungasetyenziswa neentsingiselo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Zezi:

- Imisebenzi eyenziwayo olwenziwe ukuqokelelwa, nkqubo ukuyisa phambili kwaye nokuhlalutya idata okuluphawu inkcubeko kunye noqoqosho, labemi kunye nemfundo, kwakunye nezinye iziganeko ezininzi zentlalo;

- nendaba zibandakanyiwe izicwangciso ukuze kuqeqeshwe abaphathi, abarhwebi noqoqsho aphezulu;

- isayensi lifunda icala ubungakanani kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo kubomi boluntu.

Ibali uqeqesho kunye nophuhliso yayo

Imvelaphi manani kwenzeka kumaxesha amandulo. Nakuba ke, abantu ezifunekayo kule izibalo abantu, ipropati, umhlaba, iinkomo, njalo-njalo. D.

Iingxelo zokuqala ezi zenzo kwakucingwa ukuba BC kwinkulungwane 5. e. Baza bathwalwa e China. Accounting abemi simahla ubudala kunye sex senziwa eRoma yamandulo. Mandulo uluhlu ezizodwa kwakukho zonke iintsana azalwe. Kuye kwenziwe ingxelo eyahlukileyo kubafana ngenxa yobudala emkhosini. izintlu aqulunqwe zomhlaba, kuquka iinkcukacha kubume kunye namakhoboka, uluhlu kunye nengeniso.

Ngowe-1061 kubalwa kokuqala kuzwelonke lwaqhutywa eNgilani. Ukuqokelela idatha wabancina amakhulu amabini, anamanci mane amawaka iiyadi. Kukho ulwazi malunga kubalo ngenkulungwane ye-13. khans Mongol. Le data abaza nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu evela ezinabantu Russian.

Kwinkulungwane elandelayo manani baqhubeka uphuhliso yayo ngenkulungwane ye-17. Ndafumana lubonakaliswa yokuziqeqesha yenzululwazi. isiseko awo izikolo ezibini. Eyokuqala them - British isicelo izibalo kwezopolitiko. Isikolo yesibini - le German, leyo lizibandakanya nangakumbi kulo inkcazelo nesenzeko. Ngenkulungwane ye-19. Inzululwazi iye yaziwa ulwalathiso wayo wesithathu - manani kunye zemathematika, leyo yaphakanyiswa liGosa ngumphandi Belgian Adolfom Ketle.

Kwinkulungwane yama-20. olu qeqesho yaba ukusetyenziswa kwethiyori lilonke. iindlela zalo ukuvumela izifundo lwezenhlalo yemfuno kunye nomgangatho imveliso kubathengi, kwakunye kumgangatho wokuphila kwabemi.

uphando lwezibalo Active kuqhutywa kule minyaka kwamandla Soviet. Baya kukuvumela ukuba ubone yonke umfanekiso loqoqosho lwesizwe lutsha. Ayizange ayeke umsebenzi manani kwi imfazwe ku Germany. Ngeli xesha, kwabakho imfuneko yokuba kumazwe ekubaleni izinto kunye zabasebenzi izibonelelo. Ukongeza, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu ulwazi intshukumo imikhosi nemveliso kwimimandla yasempumalanga.

Umsebenzi esebenzayo ye-manani kwaqhutywa kwixesha kwemfazwe, oko kusaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Ngaphandle kwale nzululwazi bekuya kuba nzima ukuqhubeka uphuhliso loqoqosho karhulumente nazo zonke iinkalo zayo kwezentlalo.

inkqubo yokufumana data Umbutho

Abamelwe iiyunithi izibalo:

- ukusekwa kwe-manani karhulumente kunye kamasipala;

- manani sesikweni kunye nawabucala;

- ingxelo yesebe.

Umbutho lokuqaphela statistical iqala kunye namasebe kunye namasebe zezithili. Umsebenzi wabo ilawulwa yi yaManqaku Committee Federation. Nabo ke, ukuba zilandele Russian manani State Committee.

iingxelo zamasebe elungiswe amashishini kunye nemibutho bamasimi ethile yomsebenzi. Umzekelo, iinkcukacha-manani egcina imali, amasiko kunye njalo njalo. D.

uphando imveliso

Ephawula Federal Statistical ibandakanya:

- izalathisi kwinqanaba koqoqosho olukhulu;

- imboni data;

- Iinkcukacha-manani imigangatho yokuphila kunye neenkonzo zentlalo;

- uthelekiso zamazwe inter-regional.

Ezi ngqwalasela manani zipapashwa ngokohlobo iileta nkqubo kunye ehlanganiswe, ulwazi ziveza bulletin.

Amanqanaba uphando lwezibalo

Uqokelelo kunye nokubhalisa ubungqina nasiphi na isigaba sobomi zoluntu zibanjwa ngokomfuziselo ethile. Kukho zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani. Yaye ngamnye kubo kusetyenziswa iindlela zabo.

Kodwa phi siqala esweni manani? Statistics ufumana ukusebenza kuphela emva zavela kakhulu ngokucacileyo oku okanye loo ngxaki. Ixhomekeka kuthathelwa ingqalelo iinjongo zesifundo kunye ingqiqo ulwazi ekufuneka ekhangelwe nkalwana zonke.

Amanyathelo aqhutywa okoko esweni zamanani ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kuqala ukufunda technical task. Olu xwebhu ebesiqulunqwe yi-ngumthengi zophando lekamva. The terms of reference iya kubandakanya:

- izinto ezinokwenziwa;

- yeengcinga kunye nokucingela ezifuna isiqinisekiso okanye refutation ekhoyo;

- lokuqhubeka phando;

- ixesha lokuqaphela.

Ngenxa yale projekthi zobugcisa Azigubungele uphuhliso lwesakhiwo elizayo zengxelo yohlalutyo, kwakunye program iisaveyi zamanani, nto leyo uluhlu iimpawu izinto ofuna ukuba ubhalise, okanye imibuzo kufuneka ufumane iimpendulo ezinokuthenjwa. Umzekelo inkqubo efana ayanceda iinkangeleko ezisetyenziselwa kubalo.

Ngelo inyathelo elilandelayo kukuba ukuqokelela ulwazi. indlela yakhe lisibeka lwenkqubo iisaveyi manani. esilandelayo data Kuqulunqwe ifunyenwe yaye kwenziwa iqela ndiwavuze criteria ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela emva kokuba yonke idatha eyafunyanwa ukuba zihlolwe. Esi isigaba esilandelayo nimana zamanani, esebenzisa indices, imilinganiselo avareji kunye isalamane, njalo njalo. D. lukhupha ukubhala ingxelo uze wenze kuyenza ifumaneke kwi umthengi.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani, eziququzelelweyo ukuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha eziqokelelweyo, ubukhulu becala kugqiba wihi wa iziphumo kwinqanaba lokugqibela. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukufumana inkcazelo eyiyo - umsebenzi ophambili of Statistics.

ukuqokelelwa kwedatha

Ulwazi olufunekayo uphando, inokuba lokuqala okanye ezenqanaba lesibini. Uhlobo lokuqala data zezo ngexesha wokukhutshwa iinkcukacha alukho. ulwazi Secondary lukhona kakade. Yayifunyenwe phambi kokwenza ezinye imisebenzi.

UMZEKELO ukuqokelelwa kwedatha manani ukuqwalaselwa samabanga - uphando lezigulane kwizibhedlele zonyango, ingxoxo yeengxaki ezithile kwintlanganiso, ukufumana iimpendulo ezisuka iindwendwe ukuya evenkileni, etc ...

Ukuveliswa ulwazi eziziisekondari ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba "kwithala" okanye "edesikeni". Kwaye ngenxa yokuqokelela yabo inxaxheba, zombini imvelaphi ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Koko kukho umahluko phakathi kwabo?

UMZEKELO ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani usebenzisa imithombo yangaphakathi esi sicelo:

- umbutho inkqubo yolwazi;

- Data wezifundo ongaphambili;

- abasebenzi ebhaliweyo ingxelo.

iingcombolo zangaphandle eziziisekondari ifunyanwe:

- arhente ingxelo-manani;

- database electronic;

- media;

- nemibutho esisigxina, iingxelo, ii-arhente intengiso, njalo-njalo ...

Iindlela ngenxa yokuqokelelwa kwedatha

, Ngoko, benza njani kokuqala ukubhaliswa ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze uphando? Kukho iindlela zilandelayo lokuqaphela manani: i ngqo kunye namaxwebhu, uphando kunye nokuhlola.

Eyokuqala kwezi lubanjwe ubhaliso izibakala ezithile yi uphando. Umzekelo lokuqaphela ngqo kukufundisisa ngobunzulu ukuhamba kwezithuthi zokubala ngokukodwa ifakiwe.

Indlela ukuqokelelwa documentary lwazi kuthetha yi umsebenzi kunye namakhadi inventri, imbawula mali kunye t. D.

Olu phando-manani njengoko saveyi ukufumana ingcaciso evela amazwi kommangalelwa ekhethiweyo. Thina Makangagocagoci phakathi ngokweentloko:

- amaphepha emibuzo apho ummangalelwa esibhaliweyo iimpendulo kwimibuzo;

- ngezemvelo, apho ezinye okanye nezinye iinkcukacha azingenisayo ezazivela ngokuzithandela;

- magama xa zokubala bafunda kwaye zibhalwe iifom zomlomo iimpendulo abemi.

Ngokwentelekiso wavela kutshanje kwaye kakade ngokubanzi iintlobo interactive iintlobo ngemibuzo. Umzekelo zoku ziimpendulo abaphenduli ngomnxeba,-intanethi okanye i-imeyile.

Iifom yokuqokelelwa kwedatha

iindlela ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani kufuneka ube kwezesayensi. Asilungiselelwanga umsebenzi uza kufumana isifundo eselwayo. statistical iimpazamo ubonwa uya kwenza amanyathelo elandelayo ingxelo akunakwenzeka. Oku kufuneka Makukhunjulwe. Ngapha koko, ukuba impendulo ilungelo elibalulekileyo le mibuzo ingqalelo zizo zonke nesenzeko kusaphandwa.

ERashiya, kukho iintlobo ezimbini lokuqaphela federal manani. Eyokuqala ingxelo ngokwayo. It uqobo isebenzisa manani kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Ifom yesibini esixhotyiswe ngokukodwa amalungiselelo mkhanya. Uyifumane isicelo yayo ekuhlalutyeni iinkqubo kunye nesenzeko.

Umzekelo kokuma manani kwifom lokuqala - i ukufumana iingxelo eziqulathe ulwazi oluyimfuneko kwimibutho ngamnye, amashishini, amaziko, njl Lonke ulwazi wadlulisela lisekelwe kwidatha accounting neerekhodi zokusebenza kwamashishini ... Ezo nkcukacha ingalandwa kangangexesha ezahlukeneyo ixesha kuba imihla, mini-ezilishumi, ngenyanga, ngekota, iingxelo zemali achazayo wesiqingatha-sonyaka okanye ngonyaka.

State ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani liqhutywa kunye nefomu yesibini. Oku kungenxa uluhlu olubanzi izifundo ezicacisa kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi lwentlalo ngezimanga zendalo. idatha efana ayikwazi zingafumaneka iinkampani ingxelo. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi umgca kuyajongwa ukuba loo manani - Census. Practical Statistics Russia ibamba imithombo yayo isalamane emzimbeni, labemi, izixhobo RPM, Ukutyala ingaphelelwayo, ukwakhiwa kuyaqhubeka, njalo-njalo. D.

izixhobo ezisetyenziswa

Wonke umsebenzi kusakhelwa-manani isekelwe kwiimo ezikhethekileyo. Esi sisixhobo uphando lokuqala. Okwesibini - imiyalelo esemthethweni ngokugcwalisa iifom ezifunwayo kunye neengxelo.

izixhobo ezinjalo manani esweni ezifana ifomu yaye ikhweshine, makuzaliswe le khweshine kunye t. D. Le fom eshicilelweyo izinto ezithi masikhokelwe ngumthengi kwi Reference Technical. Ngexesha le fom zenziwa kwaye zonke iinkcukacha eziqokelelweyo. njani le fom? Inxalenye yayo ephezulu kukho evelela iinkalo. Ekhohlo kwephepha ngalinye iqulethe imibuzo kuqwalaselwe manani, yaye ngasekunene - indawo iimpendulo kubo.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini iintlobo lokuqaphela. Eyokuqala kuzo - ikhadi. Kujongwe ukuba bachaze omnye kuphela yenjongosenzi mkhanya. Uhlobo lwesibini ifomu - ipeyiroli. Uya kunxiba esweni evela kwizinto ezininzi.

Kodwa akukho nto le nkqubo kunye nefom, ukuqatshelwa federal manani ayikwazi ukuba kwenziwa njani ngenyameko ngaphandle imiyalelo sele ziphuhlisiwe. Olu xwebhu luqulethe zonke iingcaciso kwemigaqo zobugcisa, ngokunjalo ibonelela imizekelo ezithile kunye nesikhokelo kwimiba enxulumene. Isikhokelo nephetshana eyahlukileyo okanye eshicilelweyo ngqo kwi ifomu elingabhalwanga.

Iintlobo kokuma statistical

Ukhetho oluchanekileyo lwe-iindlela ukuqokelela ingcaciso efunekayo kubalulekile ukuba isisombululo ngempumelelo le ngxaki. Kukho iindidi eziliqela ngophengululo zamanani, ezahluke iiyunithi ngexesha kuchaphazeleke kunye.

Ngenxa yoko, ulwazi kuqokelelwa rhoqo, njengoko isiqalo okanye isiganeko isenzeko. Ezi ngqwalasela zamanani zezangoku. ukuba zenziwa usebenzisa amaxwebhu eziziiprayimari eziqulathe ulwazi oluyimfuneko. Umzekelo kule ndlela kungaba zincwadi. Le umzimba kuzisa ndawonye lonke ulwazi utshintsho ngokuphathelele labemi. Ngenxa wezenzo ubume boluntu kube kufundwa kwi ukuzalwa nokufa, imitshato njalo njalo. D.

Ngexesha factor ayinabantu mkhanya ngamaxesha athile manani. Sisisebenzise rhoqo. Umzekelo baphawula - kokubalwa, kwakunye nokumiselwa kwinqanaba lamaxabiso iimfesi iimveliso network yorhwebo.

izifundo zestathistiki enokwenziwa kumaxesha ngamaxesha ngaphandle periodicity. Kulo mzekelo, zibizwa ngokuba non-njalo. Umzekelo kokuma ezinjalo inokuba kumaqela accounting imidlalo ngexesha elinye-zilungelelaniswe ngabafundi.

kwedatha yeenkcukacha-manani ayikwazi ingafani ukufikelela iiyunithi kunye. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ukubeka esweni rhoqo. Ekuqaleni swi kubhaliso iimpawu inani elikhulu leeyunithi ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela ivumela ubani ukuba afumane iinkcukacha ezithembekileyo malunga into efundwayo. Umzekelo kusakhelwa rhoqo ubalo.

Ngamana kuxhomekeka uhlolo kunye neeyunithi ngamnye kunye. Kwimeko enjalo, ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani kuba discontinuous. Kwelinye icala, yahlulelwe kwii ezi iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela zilandelayo:

- isampulu emele yinxalenye yokhetho yabantu ekujoliswe (umz uluvo zimvo zoluntu);

- ke uluhlu ephambili xa bahlola ukuba inxalenye iiyunithi labemi, omnikelo kwisiganeko wafunda yeyona inkulu (umzekelo - ekufundweni iimpawu ezidolophini emizini);

- survey monographic, xa kukho iqela elinye kuphela iinkcukacha kunye (umzekelo, intsapho ngexesha isifundo pre-mali).

Yintoni uhlobo iliso uyakukhetha ngakumbi? Njengoko uphando oluqhubekayo and non-continuous zinezibonelelo zayo nezingalunganga. Kwaye kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo xa ukhetha indlela manani.

Ngoko ke, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo:

- enkosi lokuquka bonke liyunithi labemi inika iinkcukacha ezininzi echanekileyo;

- kuthatha ixesha elide yaye kufuna inkxaso-mali kakhulu;

- ayisoloko nako ukukhusela zonke izinto lwabemi kunikwa;

- uphawu iziphumo ithuba processing ezinokuchaphazela ukubaluleka kwezi ziphumo.

Ke kusakhelwa non-rhoqo, nto;

- yingozi ngenxa wafundela ngokungachanekanga phambi zizo;

- ukukwazi ukuphoswa iimpawu ezithile kubalulekile, nto leyo iza kuqulatha impazamo lokuqaphela zamanani.

ulwazi wafumana ukulawula

Ngamanye amaxesha i data zovavanyo, kukho ezinye ukungangqinelani phakathi yokoqobo ixabiso elithelekelelwayo yezahlukileyo wafundela. Oku kube imposiso:

1. Ukubhalisa. Le kahle kolwazi iziko ee (kwiimeko ezininzi bahlawulwa off). Umzekelo, iphetshana ebuhlanti ekulungiseleleni amaxwebhu kwi-ofisi yobhaliso.
2. Representativeness. Ezi mpazamo zenzeka xa ngexesha lovavanyo rhoqo kuye kwathathwa inxaxheba abamele yonke embi.
3. Random. Le imposiso ukuba kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo ukudinwa, inattention, kunye nezinye izinto. Umzekelo, ukurekhodwa engeyiyo irekhodi-umgcini.
4. Ngendlela. iimpazamo ezifana kungakhokelela underestimation okanye overestimation iimeko wafundela. Umzekelo, usondelisa amanani aphela ngo-0 okanye 5.

Ukulawula iimpazamo zisetyenziswa xa manani iindlela ezimbini. Eyokuqala kuzo - logic. Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwekhonkco nolwalamano ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Umzekelo, umntwana uneminyaka esi-8 ngeke babe ngabantwana bakhe.

Lusetyenziswa manani kunye nezalathisi zolawulo nasekubaleni. Isebenzisa ubudlelwane oluninzi phakathi kwamaxabiso. Umzekelo: Bala = Bala 4 3 - Bala 1 + Bala 2.