River wempucuko: iimpawu ngokubanzi kunye kwenkcazo

Inkcazo "impucuko lomlambo" Linikwe yi mbali bezinto zakudala kwinkulungwane XIX. Loo abizwa wafumana urhulumente lokuqala embalini yoluntu. Ngokutsho imithetho yabo bonke bephela yavela ezihlanjeni emilambo emikhulu ngenxa ukubaluleka ezizodwa ukuze ke ngoko abantu kwezolimo. Izazinzulu ukuchonga impucuko ezinjalo ezine: umYiputa, eMesopotamiya, amaNdiya kunye Chinese.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Kwenzeka amawaka aliqela eminyaka eyadlulayo impucuko yamandulo umlambo - umzekelo ocacileyo wendlela iimeko zokusingqongileyo kuchaphazeleke inkqubela yabantu. Isiseko ephucuke yokuqala sezoqoqosho ezolimo. ukulinywa komhlaba nokulima izityalo ngundoqo Nobunqobo izixeko zokuhlala. Kungenxa yoko le nto ithi yokuqala kwavela kwimimandla apho iimeko zokusingqongileyo ngabalimi kakhulu amabi.

Ezi zindawo iintlambo komlambo. I-Nile Basin kwasungulwa impucuko yamandulo zaseYiputa kwi kweenxweme iTigrisi umEfrate - i yaseSamariya, ngeenxa zonke Indus kunye iGanges - India, kufutshane Yellow River kunye iteksti - China. Baba nelaye lasisiseko ilizwe phakathi 20 ° ne-40 ° yobubanzi ngasentla

Egypt yamandulo

iimpawu eziphambili lempucuko komlambo kuyofikwa ngokucacileyo umzekelo waseYiputa yamandulo. Le meko kuvele mpuma Afrika kweenxweme esezantsi zeNayile. Iimpawu zokuqala impucuko kwasekwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane BC-4. e. Ngelo xesha, uFaro kuqala ukuze zimanyane phantsi kwegunya lakhe Lower kunye Upper Egypt.

Yonke impucuko umlambo iye amahla nezimbi. E Egypt, ezi zitshintsha nezinye izihlandlo nganye kwakukho eziliqela. Lakhe liphezulu bachuma New yoBukumkani, apho yayikhona XVI - XI eminyaka. BC. e. Oku kuquka Dynasty ezintathu baseYiputa yamandulo (18, 19, 20). Ukuba uBukumkani New ushiye ngasemva inani elikhulu leendawo apho mihla uluntu kwaye uyazi ilizwe yamandulo twisiseka. Le IV BC. e. WaseJiputa phantsi kwempembelelo inkcubeko yamaGrike waza waqalisa ukuba alahle yaso eyodwa civilizational. Ekugqibeleni, amandla koFaro yaphela ngo-30 BC. e., xa kumntla-mpuma Afrika yoyiswa uBukhosi baseRoma.

Kwezolimo kunye emfuleni imijikelo

Inani elikhulu amaYiputa amandulo abathatha inxaxheba kwezolimo. Ukuxhomekeka kwimilambo ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo - esinye sezizathu kutheni impucuko yamandulo ihlabathi kuthiwa umlambo. Recycle iphalale Nile yl ukuba amasimi leyo, ukuxubana umhlaba, isivuno ukwanda nto.

Nentabalala ukuchuma kwezoqoqosho wanika abantu ixesha ngakumbi simahla kwi nobuchwepheshe, ezenkcubeko nezobugcisa. Le ndlela iye yaba ngomnye unobangela ingcambu yobukhulu laseYiputa amawaka eminyaka.

Yonke impucuko esemlanjeni ihlabathi lamandulo bangxamele ukoyisa kunye nohlobo zalulama. AmaYiputa le yayakhiwe ngakuMlambo umNayile kunye nemingenela yawo edamini. Nabo, amanzi sithunyelwe kwiinkalo zolimo kunye ngesityalo. Nangona le nkqubo iye yafikelela yokunkcenkceshela bafezeke eMesopotamiya, amaYiputa ukuba ngexesha layo, kwaba futhi obalaseleyo.

Ulimo kolu hlanga lwaqhutywa ngokwe kuxhotyiwe emlanjeni. AmaYiputa wabahlula unyaka ube amaxesha amathathu: konogumbe, okulima nokuvuna. I-common inkoliso ulimo okuziinkozo, nangona kwakukho iziqhamo kunye horticulture. Kwakukho izidiliya, neflakisi kulinywa. It yayisetyenziswa ukusontwa. Eselunxwemeni yomNayile iingcongolo, esetyenziswa ukwenza iphepha Egyptian ezizodwa.

Life kunye nenkolo

amakhaya zaseYiputa zazakhiwe ngezitena zodaka, apho le ndawo, nkqu ubushushu emini wahlala Unjengokuphola bekhululekile. Indlu nganye nekhitshi kunye nophahla evulekileyo. Iindonga ziye zaveza emhlophe okanye ukunqanda iikhaphethi eyenziwe ngelinen.

inkolo Common wayengekho eYiputa. Kwingingqi nganye, kwakukho ukunqulwa isithixo ethile. Bobabini, bakha enye pantheons zinkulu yamandulo. Njengezinye iinkonzo kwelo xesha, inkolo amaYiputa nesuka fetishism kunye sinqule. UFaro Akhenaton wazama ukuba bashiye polytheism wamisa eyakhe yehlelo yayo ndawonye monotheistic uthixo kwelanga Aton. Kodwa lo guqula ayikhange akhuselweyo kuluntu ngamaYiputa amandulo.

eMesopotamiya

EMesopotamiya, okanye eMesopotamiya - kummandla endhawini yemilambo ezikhulu zazibini - i vekele kunye umEfrate. Namhlanje le ntsimi bobabo Iraq. BC nalapha kukho impucuko umlambo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokungafaniyo eYiputa, eMesopotamiya akuzange kubekho uhlanga esisiso. nezizwe ezahlukileyo ndiloyisile apha enye kwenye amawaka eminyaka.

Nkqu kuthelekiswa neminye imilambo emikhulu esihlambo yamandulo iTigrisi umEfrate kuye ngokukhethekileyo ochumileyo. Ukususela zase Armenian amanzi kuziswa aram nezikhukhula. Kuyinto ngenxa kubo ukuba umhlaba ngeenxa apha wanika yesivuno sisityebi. Ukuchuma ezitsala abantu abaninzi. Ukongeza, eMesopotamiya iye kummandla ebalulekileyo urhwebo kuba kunye nePersian Gulf kunye lweMeditera.

amajelo lizwe

Ngeli xesha ukusuka Millennium IV ukuba VI BC kwinkulungwane. e. EMesopotamiya indawo ngamazwe ezininzi (yiSumere, waseAkkad, eBhabhiloni neAsiriya). kwezizwe zawo iilwimi ezahlukeneyo yaye ezinye izinto zenkcubeko. Kodwa ngokubanzi, commonality zabo wabiza omnye impucuko enkulu amandulo eMesopotamiya. Umthombo ukwenzeka yayo indalo lwe ngonkcenkceshelo kweenxweme iTigrisi umEfrate.

Ukuze ezolimo abahlali eMesopotamiya wakha imisele kunye namachibi. irrigation systems ukwanda nezivuno aze avunyelwe ukuba unkcenkceshele amasimi kuyo kumjikelo ekhulayo. Inkqubela iye yakhokelela nokwahlulwa yabasebenzi. Nawuphi ubugcisa, ngoko waqalisa lo ezithile ngokwezinga eklasini. Oku kwakhokelela ukuvela abanini ngamakhoboka kunye izihlwele enkulu baxhaphaze.

Lonkcenkceshelo kunye norhwebo

Nangona eMesopotamiya bekusoloko eninzi amakhoboka abazibandakanya kwezolimo, yaye abantu abahlala ekuhlaleni. Kwakhona kwafuneka ukuba umsebenzi enyanzelekileyo ukuba urhulumente, isakhiwo nokucima channels. Ukusuka nayiphi kumbiwa imisebenzi akhululwa amalungu kuphela yezikhulu. Inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela ugqibeleleyo baba, iza kuya iqina ngakumbi yaba nencindi abantu iilali saa oluncinane kumaziko yephondo. Kwaba sele umzi. Kwakufuneka izakhiwo uphawu: tempile, iivenkile kunye bhuma.

Ngeenxa zonke iindawo zonqulo eziqokelelwe iimveliso mali nanceba. EMesopotamiya waba ehlathini amahlwempu kunye nesinyithi. Abemi kweMilambo wafumana ezi zibonelelo ngokuthenga kubo ngenxa inala yesivuno. Trade lwaqhutywa kunye kumazwe amaninzi - ukusuka eIndiya ukuya eYiputa ukusuka kwiMeditera ukuya Arabhu. Ngo III yeminyaka BC. e. Economy iitempile ziye ezintsonkothileyo kangangokuba accounting wabo indlela entsha yokudlulisela inkcazelo - ukubhala. Leyo yindlela Sumerians wabonakala ngoonobumba yabo edumileyo, basebenzisa iintonga ezikhethekileyo kumacwecwe odongwe.

Ukusuka Asia Minor , eMesopotamiya ezahlulwe neentlango enkulu. Abantu bokuqala kumiwa oko, babehlala nje lodwa kodwa bangamahlwempu kakhulu. Izivuno ukuba nkenenkene yaye iqulethe kuphela zerhasi nabalulamileyo. KweZolimo ofanelekileyo isiqwenga elimxinwa kuphela yomhlaba phakathi entlango kunye nezimbuku abafileyo. Nokufika imisele iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, abantu abatsha bahlala phambi kwiindawo ka kuyo.

Indian impucuko

isayensi Modern e namaqondo uyazi phi kwaye nini neempucuko umlambo wazalwa. Ngokomzekelo, imbali India yamandulo isahleli iyeyona kakubi ngaye. Oku kungenxa yokuba abemi bayo baye bashiya ngasemva phantse akukho ezikhumbuzo. flow amakhulu ubungqina obubhaliweyo malunga India kwavela kuphela BC ngenkulungwane III. e., xa apha zihlaselwa ngumkhosi Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto ezisisiseko ukuba uchaze zonke ezi kunokwenzeka. Zazivela entlanjeni Indus River Indian impucuko ithathwa wesithathu kakhulu emva yaseYiputa waseMesopotamiya. Kuzo zonke kubo, yaba likhulu ngokwemiqathango ndawo. Le impucuko ukwabizwa ngokuba Harappan. Apho XXXIV - kwiinkulungwane XIV. BC. e. Undoqo kwiziko yayo isixeko Mohenjo-Daro, Rakhigarhi, Harappa, Lothal kunye Dholavira. Inani labantu entilini nokuphakama impucuko kufikelela kwizigidi ezintlanu. I Sumerians wabiza Meluhha Indiya kunye kwade kwakhokelela kurhwebo yakhe elwandle.

Indian Cities

Harapptsy bebeye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi sobhedu, isakhiwo omkhulu, a Umfanekiso entle. Isiseko ezolimo kunkcenkceshelo kwezolimo. Kukholelwa ukuba isixeko Mohenjo-Daro i zangasese yamandulo imbali yabantu ngokunjalo namanzi kunye nenkqubo yogutyulo.

Indian ezolimo esongezelelwe ngokuloba nokuzingela. ukuloba ndifuze Oceanfront yachuma. Kutsho kwixesha xa wazalwa ukuba impucuko yamandulo umlambo abantu, abantu abazange babe imizi ngengqiqo wezinto ilizwi. Nokufika zokuhlala karhulumente enkulu baqalisa ukuba singqongwe kwiinqaba. Indian kwisixeko samandulo kwakuba enqaba elunge ekhuselekileyo kunye nedolophu ongezantsi. Ayehlukile isicwangciso uzilungiselele ngenyameko. izindlu zokuhlala zakhiwa kabini-ubuthwele.

China

Pool of the Yellow River - kwenye indawo apho impucuko yamandulo umlambo zazivelela. Xa BC yesithathu. e. apha ke bakha uluntu yobuhlanga ye-Chinese amandulo. Yokukhetheka kwalo impucuko kude kwaso phantse ngokupheleleyo kwezinye izizwe kwexesha. Ukuba uyazi China kunye West, kukho eli lizwe amele kumngcipheko wasentsomini, nokuba imfihlakalo ngaphezu kwe-Indiya, kunye iindlovu yalo emangalisayo.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo impucuko uye waya wayitwabulula ngaphaya Yellow koMlambo uhehema lwesitya esemazantsi obzhila omnye umlambo ezinkulu - Yanzy. Exakayo, nejelo esezantsi Yellow River iye yatshintshwa izihlandlo eziliqela ngenxa izikhukula kunye neenkqubo zendalo. Uguqulo kunye nonxweme Bohai Bay, kona emlanjeni. Kumaxesha amandulo, emfuleni Yellow River, wayifulela ngokupheleleyo ehlathini. umsebenzi yabantu Active watshabalalisa undergrowth. Emva kubo imikhombe bungasekho, iindlovu, amabuzi uqalo, tapirs. Njengezinye izizwe komlambo, chaza yamandulo Chinese ekuqaleni yokungenelela kwabantu kokusingqongileyo.

Zifuywe uhlobo

abantu bamandulo baba basemngciphekweni kakhulu iintlekele zemvelo. Kutheni na ke wabiza impucuko komlambo? Lokudalwa ezihlanjeni ngaxeshanye ayengazi indlela yokuhlangabezana izikhukhula. iintlekele ezinjalo isongela ingayonakalisa yonke imizana. Kwileta eya igama "usizi" Chinese ixesha elide ukuba abhale umlinganiswa obonisa bephume lomfula.

Kuphela phakathi I nkulungwane BC. e. abahlali Yellow River Basin bafunda ukwenza izixhobo zentsimbi kunye waphuma ngaphandle kwe zizandyondyo. Ngoku ke hlakulela umhlaba ngaphambili ingafikeleleki nzima. Ngenxa bantu baba kanzulu kangako kunye nesiqalo amazwe kwimimandla laseSamariya China. Oku kwakunjalo ngokukodwa kwimimandla emathafeni wasentla. Izazinzulu ukucacisa phi kwaye nini wazalwa ukuba impucuko yamandulo umlambo, kusekho ufumane iinkcukacha ezintsha ezinxulumene imbali of China yamandulo.