Polymer - ntoni na? production Polymer

Iyamangalisa indlela ezahlukeneyo izinto ezisingqongileyo, kwaye izinto ukusuka apho kwenziwa. Eku sunguleni, malunga XV-XVI iinkulungwane, izinto eziphambili zezi isinyithi, iinkuni, iglasi kamva, phantse ngawo onke amaxesha, imveliso kunye zodongwe. Kodwa khulu - lixesha Iipholima, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

Ingcamango yokuba neeplastikhi

Polymer. Yintoni na? Uyakwazi ukuphendula iingongoma ezahlukeneyo iimbono. Kwelinye icala, kukho izinto mihla esetyenziselwa mveliso iziqu ezininzi izinto zobugcisa kunye nendlu.

Kwelinye icala, singatsho ukuba kukho into ngokukodwa kuhlelwe zokwenziwa ezithathwe kunye iipropati kwangaphambili yosebenziso ezikhethiweyo ngokubanzi.

Nganye kwezi nkcazelo ichanile, kuphela yokuqala ngokwemiqathango indlu, yaye okwesibini - ukusuka kwindawo umbono bamachiza. Enye inkcazelo chemical imi ngolu hlobo. Iipholima - le khompawundi macromolecular ezo zisekelwe kwimimandla elifutshane chain molecule - monomers. Bona ziyabuya ngokuphindaphindiweyo kusenziwa Polymer macrochain. Le monomers ukuze khompawundi zombini eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo.

Ngoko lo mbuzo: "? Polymer - yintoni" - kufuna impendulo eneenkcukacha ze kulungiswe zonke iipropati kwaye isebenzisa ezi izinto.

iintlobo neeplastikhi

Zininzi ukuhlelwa Iipholima ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo (imichiza indalo, ukumelana ubushushu, isakhiwo chain, njalo njalo). Le theyibhile ilandelayo ngokufutshane uxoxe ngeentlobo asisiseko neeplastikhi.

Kananjalo kwahlule phakathi Iipholima yomgama, isakhiwo cross-zinxibelelene kwaye branched. isiseko Polymer ivumela ukuba thermoplastic okanye thermosetting. Kananjalo umahluko ubuchule ukugqabhuza phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zemathiriyeli polymeric

Basic iimeko ezimbini aggregate, ngokuqhelekileyo ipholima ngu:

• amorphous;
• crystal.

Ngasinye esibonakala awayo zemihlaba yaye sibaluleke practical ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba Polymer ngokwaseburhulumenteni amorphous ikhona, ngoko kusenokuba ulwelo vyazkotekuschey kunye nezinto yiglasi kunye umchiza elastomeric (rubbers). Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini amachiza, ulwakhiwo, ubugcisa, imveliso yempahla zoshishino.

Ubume crystalline of Iipholima kakhulu eqhelekileyo. Enyanisweni, lo uburhulumente Zinokuxutywa iindawo amorphous yaloo mmandla, kwaye ngokubanzi yonke molecule ujika lula kakhulu kwimveliso bhetyebhetye, kodwa ngaxeshanye imicu aphezulu okanye ijiye.

Iingongoma zavuleka ngenxa Iipholima zahlukile. Abaninzi baphele amorphous bushushu, yaye ezinye crystalline zokwenziwa ukumelana amaqondo lezikolo (plexiglas, iglasi ifayibha, lyu, ezinepolypropylene).

Iipholima nga zipeyintwe ngemibala ezahlukeneyo, ngaphandle zonke izithintelo. Ngenxa kulwakhiwo zabo, bayakwazi lokufunxa ipeyinti bafumane imibala kakhulu umxhelo kunye engaqhelekanga.

Chemical Properties of Ipholima

Iipropati lwemichiza Iipholima ayahluka kulawo kwezinto ephantsi ubunzima eziphilayo. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu kwemolekyuli, ubukho kumaqela ahlukeneyo esebenzayo kubume bayo, isitokhwe eliqhelekileyo amandla lusebenze.

Ngokubanzi, kukho iindidi ezininzi ezisisiseko ngayo uphawu neeplastikhi:

1. Esisabela iza kumiselwa iqela ezisebenzayo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba Polymer liqela OH, alkoholi ezithile, ngenxa yoko, indlela apho baya kuza kubakho twatse naleyo alkoholi (emzimbeni, igcwala, unciphiso, emzimbeni, njalo njalo).
2. Ukudibana ne HMC (iikhompawundi ephantsi-ezinto).
3. Ukusabela phakathi Iipholima ukwenza uthungelwano crosslinked macromolecular (Iipholima network, branched).
4. Ukusabela phakathi kwamaqela asebenzayo ngaphakathi macromolecule Polymer.
5. Sokonakalisa le macromolecule phezu monomers (chain ukuthotywa).

Zonke ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu practice, nokulungiselela Iipholima ngempahla kwangaphambili kunye nendoda bekhululekile. Polymer Chemistry ikuvumela ukuba ukudala ubushushu-ukumelana, acid kunye kwealkali-nobungqina ngezinto, kuba ngelo xesha bhetyebhetye esifanayo elaneleyo kunye nozinzo.

Ukusetyenziswa neeplastikhi nsuku

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto lonke. Bambalwa ukwazi ukukhumbula amasimi zamashishini, uqoqosho, isayensi nethekhinoloji, zazingathandanga kufuneka Polymer. Yintoni na - uqoqosho polymeric kunye ukusetyenziswa kabanzi, kwaye ediniwe njani?

1. kushishino ngemichiza (lemveliso iplastiki, tannins, kuyondelelaniswe kweziphilayo iikhompawundi ezinkulu).
2. zobunjineli Mechanical, eyama izihluzi ioli.
3. Medicine kunye Pharmacology.
4. Ukufumana iidayi kunye neziqhushumbisi, izitshabalalisi kunye ukhula, izinambuzane kwezolimo.
5. kushishino Ulwakhiwo (alloying intsimbi, isandi uyilo kunye yokugquma nobushushu, izixhobo zokwakha).
6. Ukwenza izinto zokudlala, izitya, iityhubhu, iibhokisi, izinto zasekhaya kunye housewares.

Polymer Chemistry kuvumela ukufumana ngakumbi nangakumbi, kuba iimpawu jikelele kokujonga, uNomsa apho kungekho phakathi isinyithi okanye phakathi kwemithi okanye ngeglasi.

Imizekelo yezinto polymeric

Ngaphambi kokuba athethe iimveliso ezithile polima (ukuba akunakubakho ukudwelisa yonke, kakhulu kweyantlukwano sabo), kufuneka kuqala siqonde ukuba yintoni unika Polymer. Umbandela, nto leyo efunyenwe Navy, yaye iya kuba sisiseko iimveliso elizayo.

izinto ezisisiseko eyenziwe Iipholima, zezi:

• iiplastiki;
• polypropylenes;
• polyurethanes;
• istro;
• polyacrylates;
• emahlamvini phenol formaldehyde;
• emahlamvini epoxy;
• Capron;
• viscose;
• amagugu;
• imicu ipholiyesta ;
• yokuncamathelisa;
• ifilimu;
• tannins nabanye.

Olu luluhlu encinane kuphela oko bokwahlukana inikeza chemistry mihla. Kodwa apha sele kucacile ukuba izinto kunye neemveliso zenziwa Iipholima - phantse naziphi na izinto zekhaya, amayeza kunye nezinye iindawo (windows zeplastiki, imibhobho, izinto zasekhitshini, izixhobo, ifenitshala, izinto zokudlala, iifilim, njalo njalo).

Iipholima kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo inzululwazi nobuchwepheshe

Sele lwaveza umbuzo yeendawo apho Iipholima zisetyenziswa. Imizekelo ebonisa ukubaluleka kwabo kwezenzululwazi neteknoloji, kungabangela kulandelayo:

• isicelo iirubber;
• Ipeyinti antistatic;
• izihlangu umoya;
• Amatyala phantse yonke indlu izinto;
• transistors;
• LED, njalo-njalo.

Akukho yothintelo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo polymeric ehlabathini fantasy namhlanje.

production Polymer

Polymer. Yintoni na? Kuyinto phantse yonke into esingqongileyo. ukuba zavelisa phi?

1. Petrochemical (nolungiso) kwishishini.
2. ngezityalo ezikhethekileyo ukuba ukuveliswa kwezinto polymeric kunye nemveliso evela kubo.

Oku sisiseko esingundoqo wafumana (kuhlelwe) iimathiriyeli polymeric.