Peter Kuzmich Anokhin, Academician: A Biography, igalelo kwinzululwazi

Eminent Scientist-komzimba kwinkulungwane XX , Peter Kuzmich Anokhin - academician, umseki kwizikolo ezidumileyo zenzululwazi, umseki kwamasebe olutsha inzululwazi yobuchopho, nto leyo eyaba ungumhambeli phambili cybernetics - uhambe, okufana zezenzululwazi eSoviet. Ndiphuma kusapho yokusebenza-class elula, waba komzimba kwihlabathi-edumileyo, nto leyo ephambili lenzululwazi yiSoviet kwiinkalo ezininzi neurophysiology, ngoxa boniswa intshutshiso ngamaxesha ukuze ukungafuni kwawo ukulandela ikhondo ideologically uqinisekise science evunyiweyo.

"Ndazalelwa kumwonyo"

Wakhumbula ukuba ukufunda uyise nonina waza wasayina zihlangane. Yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabemi Ravine - eyona uyazazi ukuba le Tsarina. Apha, kusapho umqeshwa kaloliwe kunye yokuzalwa Academician Anokhin. Umzele - January 27, 1898. UYise - Kuzma Vladimirovich - a zangasemva umntu taciturn - weza evela Don Cossacks. Ukusuka unina - Agrafena Prokofyevna, oyinzalelwane kwiphondo Penza - got a umlinganiswa eliphilileyo kwaye kwakha nobuhlobo, yaye iphambili le nkwenkwe waba ukwazi nomnqweno ulwazi.

Phambi kokuba revolution, yena ufumana imfundo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo - izidanga kwisikolo lobuchule (1914) kwaye engena ukuhlola ilizwe, isikolo agronomic in Novocherkassk. Kungekudala imele ukuba ngokwayo umdla kwinzululwazi eziphilayo, ulwazi lomntu, ngokukodwa engqondweni yakhe. Yena uqala umdla ngokukhutheleyo ezincwadini zesayensi ngalo mba, thetha ootitshala besayensi yendalo, nto leyo ubuncinane ukunika umkhombandlela neminqweno yayo obrazovatelskih.

ILungu War Civil

imvelaphi yesigaba Anokhina wenza ukuba yinxalenye zendalo kwiziganeko olululo-1917, yaye emva koko kwi-War Civil ecaleni kwiBolsheviks. Ngexesha Cossack ukuvukela ngoFebruwari 1918 Tsaritsyn waba phantsi kogrogriso, kwaye mfana ezithethelela - wamiselwa umhloli kwabasebenzi ekwakhiweni kwiinqaba zomkhosi. Ngowe-1920, yena wawusebenza yokuduma lamaKomanisi - baba umkomishinala le Press e Novocherkassk nokulawula umhleli we kwiphephandaba enkulu Don yeSithili - ". Red Dawn"

Kukho ubonakala italente ezinzulu ngumbhali, apho wayesoloko Academician Anokhin kamva. Peter Kuzmich wabhala inkoliso isivi kunye okuninzi amanqaku lephephandaba. ulwimi lwabo edlamkileyo yokomfuziselo umdla ingqalelo Abantu Commissar of Education AV Lunacharskogo wenza uhambo iphulo ngaphambili. Wayefuna ukuba ukudibana ne umbhali uselula, yaye kukho intlanganiso, leyo ukuba isiganeko Isazinzulu-ikhefu elizayo. Anokhin waxelela yaBantu Commissar kumnqweno wakhe ukufunda umdla isakhiwo ingqondo yomntu, apho kugcinwa ngexesha zonke iziganeko ovuthuzayo kweli lizwe.

spondylitis School

Kungekudala kwafika ileta apho kucelwa ukuba uthumele Anokhina ukufunda nzulu esidumileyo - Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, ephethwe nguRhulumente Institute of Knowledge Medical Petrograd. Ngowe-1921, uPeter Kuzmich uza kufunda kwesi sikolo. Njengoko wabhala kamva Anokhin, academician Bekhterev wenza loo nto iphambili kuye - zonke ebotshelelwe jikelele, ingxaki yenzululwazi jikelele - imfihlelo ingqondo yomntu, xa ikhosi yokuqala umdla kolu phando.

Noko ke, umfundi Anohin uyakuqonda ukuba ayenzi umdla Psychiatry - kwicala engundoqo yomsebenzi yenzululwazi spondylitis. Yena ebona unspecific kakhulu kwaye unsaid, obubonakaliswa kuphela kwifom ngomlomo. Utsaleleke ngakumbi amalungu obuchopho, ithuba lokuba bafunde kuyo setting up imifuniselo ukuvelisa iziphumo eziphathekayo. Nangona igunya iphambili kule ndawo yaba Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Kwaba in elebhu yakhe ibe 1922 Anokhin. Academician Pavlov umdla kwezenzululwazi oselula ukuba asebenzise inhibition lwangaphakathi - indawo kwaza kwengcamango ingqondo conditioner.

Ngumfundi othembekileyo Pavlov

Malimoyike conventionalism kwinzululwazi, ukunqanda kwimboniselo enye-kabini, siphephe ukubambelela eyimfama ukuba izigqibo ezifanayo, nokuba yinxalenye kwingcamango ebonakala evumelana - ngoko wafundisa abasebenzi bakhe komzimba olukhulu. Ngoko xa ngo-1924 wapapasha inqaku "Xa izinto eziphathekayo Dialectical kunye neengxaki yengqondo", apho amanye amalungu iilebhu Pavlovian wabona imizamo nezibonelelo ezisisiseko ze thiyori ikhaliphe moya, nombhali leyo Anokhin, academician ngokwakhe waluthethelela sisazinzulu abaselula.

Ngesindululo Pavlov Anohin kuqala waba ngumhlohli kwiSebe Physiology of the iLeningrad Institute of zootechnical uze Unjingalwazi Medical Faculty of the University of Nizhny Novgorod. Ngenxa yale mandla yasekwa Gorky Medical Institute, apho kwiSebe Physiology kwaye iqala umsebenzi wayo elizimeleyo yenzululwazi kunye zokufundisa Anokhin. Academician, ogama engobomi kudala eziqhotyoshelwe Gorky, washiya istampu kwi kwimbali Institute kwaye ngeenxa umzi.

Institute of wokulinga Medicine

KwiSebe Physiology of the Gorky Medical Institute, leyo wajika Anohin kwesinye intle kweli lizwe ngo-1932 wabekwa i isebe All-Union Institute of wokulinga Medicine, ogama umlawuli waza waba Anokhin.

Ngowe-1935 watshintshelwa ukusebenza VNIEM eMoscow njengentloko isebe neuroscience, apho yena amkelekileyo uxakeke izifundo zovavanyo msebenzi ngaphezulu luvo. Useka ulwalamano esebenzayo kunye namaziko ezonyango, leyo liqhuba uphando joint neengcali, neurologists kunye neurosurgeons. Iziphumo zezi zifundo siyidlalile indima ebalulekileyo ngexesha Anokhina phezu iingxaki yokwenzakala imfazwe kwenkqubo peripheral nervous ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic.

Umzabalazo ekuhlambululeni series zenzululwazi

Ababhali-mbali abaninzi kwenzululwazi yesizwe bathi ukususa Anokhina ukusuka kwikomkhulu ukuya kwimiphetho - kwi ngoko Nizhny Novgorod, yaveliswa xa isindululo Pavlov, ukuba amsindise ukusukela engaphephekiyo iingcamango elizimeleyo kakhulu kunye nezenzo. abalwa ezininzi yembono bothuka isigqibo Anokhina ukuba uyeke ukuhlawula oko kubafaneleyo iqela lokusirhoxisa ngokuzithandela leliqela. Wayevakalelwa kukuba umsebenzi wentlalo inokumthintela kwizifundo zesayensi.

ukunyaniseka kwimiqathango angundoqo theory Pavlovian ezibhengeziweyo kunye Anohin-umfundi academician Anokhin. Izazinzulu athi umonakalo mkhulu ngenzululwazi lwasekhaya lawo Abavumisi ilifa komzimba enkulu, ngubani na udidi iinyaniso engaguquki nje nenkcitha kangaka yaphakamisa iingcamango evakaliswe Pavlov ngexesha nje elingephi intelekelelo kunokwenzeka okanye nokucingela zingakuchaphazeli umxholo kunye nokunyaniseka postulates ezisisiseko le ngcamango.

Le ngokoyiswa zomzimba Soviet

Kamva, wakhumbula lukhulu kwi kweseshoni odumileyo Pavlovian - intlanganiso ngokubambisana Academy of Sciences USSR kunye Academy of Sciences lezoNyango USSR kwenzeka ehlotyeni ka-1950. Phezu kwayo, elandelwa yemfuza, kuye phantsi ekucoceni zomzimba eSoviet. Izazinzulu ezininzi eziphambili, makahlonitshwe kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, phantsi intshutshiso ekrakra for "ukuphambuka kwiimfundiso Pavlov" kwaye uyabathanda kwimimandla yoohlohlesakhe idealistskimi lenzululwazi nokomzimba. Amakheswa ubunzima abafundi abaninzi kufutshane nothembekileyo Pavlov - L.Orbeli A. Speransky, I. Beritashvili, L.Shtern. Hard zaye egxekwa zengqondo awatsho Academician Anokhin. Peter Kuzmich, ogama womfundisi ezinxulumene ukuba kumiswe ngo-1944 yi-Institute of Physiology kwi the Academy of Sciences Medical waseUSSR, yasuswa kule ubunkokheli, yaye de-1953 - de kokufa kukaStalin - unjingalwazi yeSebe Physiology, University Medical e Ryazan.

Igalelo main zenzululwazi

Imfundiso iinkqubo ezisebenzayo - isiphumo endalo uphuhliso ingcamango Pavlovian. Le mbono Kukwakholelwa lwesayensi engundoqo, ngegalelo lakhe ibaluleke kakhulu kwinzululwazi zehlabathi ngobuchopho bomntu. Kubalulekile ukuchaza iinkqubo ebalulekileyo umzimba ngenxa ubukho kuyo imibutho yabucala ezizodwa kunye nemibutho esebenza ngoncedo zobuchopho kwaye humoral (kuqhutywa ngokusebenzisa kwiincindi) imigaqo.

iinkqubo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuba self ndo, ngenxa yokuba kukho ukuphucuka okuqhubekayo. Isiphumo kweenkqubo ezinjalo iba isenzo yokuziphatha, apho kukho uvavanyo afferentation eguqulweyo ngokubaxwa i - ingxelo. Le ngcamango sibalulekile inzululwazi iindlela yokulungiselela, ukutshintshwa, ukugcinwa kunye nokuguqulwa kweenkcukacha - Cybernetics. Uyise kwale nzululwazi - Norbert Wiener - umsebenzi kakhulu, umbhali kwawo Academician Anokhin. Photo wenza ngexesha netheko yokuhamba kunye Wiener Anokhin of eMoscow, baba luphawu ulwalamano olusondeleyo inzululwazi ezimbini.

Eziphilayo mbono iimvakalelo, iingcamango uphaphama nokulala, indlala kunye neendlela kuhluthe inhibition lwangaphakathi - ezi ngxaki Anohin uxakeke kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Wahlanganisa kuphando kunye nemisebenzi lombutho uluntu basekhaya angaphandle zenzululwazi, ukuthatha inxaxheba iibhodi Umhleli iimpapasho eziliqela, njl

PK Anokhin waphumelela kwikhondo lobomi Matshi 5, 1974, eshiya igama elihle ngenxa yeempawu zazo kunye nelifa enkulu zenzululwazi.