Imiba yokusingqongileyo kunye nefuthe lazo eziphilayo

izinto Abiotic indawo emiselwe iimeko zemozulu ngokunjalo lomhlaba kunye namanzi.

ngezigaba

Kukho ukuhlelwa ezininzi izinto abiotic. Enye kakhulu ethandwa wahlula zibe la macandelo:

• izinto eziphathekayo (ukukhanya, ubushushu, uxinzelelo womoya uyancipha, ukufuma);
• izinto chemical (composition esesibhakabhakeni, izimbiwa kunye izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, pH umhlaba, njl)
• mechanical izinto (njengomoya, landslides, amanzi intshukumo, kunye nomhlaba, indlela esemanzini, njalo njalo).

imibandela Abiotic yokusingqongileyo echaphazela kakhulu ukuba nokwabiwa kweentlobo ubone indawo yabo, ie, indawo geographical, nto leyo ke yemvelo eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo.

lobushushu

ebaluleke ngokukodwa unikwa ubushushu, njengesakhi esibalulekileyo. Kuxhomekeka ubushushu, iimeko abiotic zemvelo iindawo ezahlukeneyo thermal, ezi zinto zinxulumene ubomi eziphilayo kwindalo. Oku - kuyabanda, eyingcathu, yetropika kunye sehlathi imimandla. Amaqondo obushushu leyo kukholekileyo ngenxa yomphefumlo eziphilayo kuthiwa kangangoko. Phantse zonke izinto ekwaziyo lokuphila ezahlukeneyo ukususela 0 ° - 50 ° C.

Kuxhomekeka isakhono eziphilayo ukuba zikhona phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ubushushu, ukuba zicalulwa njenge:

• eziphilayo eurythermic apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko ukuhla obushushu rapid;
• eziphilayo stenothermal zikhona kwindawo exineneyo uluhlu lobushushu.

Eurythermic ukufumana eziphilayo ezihlala ikakhulu apho imozulu lizwekazi siyema. Ezi eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukumelana ukuhla kakhulu lobushushu (Diptera Imibungu, iintsholongwane, ulele, iintshulube). Ezinye izinto eurythermal nagaxeleka ezilingweni kwimo silele, ukuba "umbodamo" lobushushu factor. Yokucolwa ukwimeko enjalo liyehla (iimbila, amabhere, njalo njalo).

eziphilayo Stenothermal angaba phakathi izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi nezilwanyana zaselwandle ukuphila kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya ku-30 ° C.

Izilwanyana ohlulwa bayakwazi ukugcina imimiselo yabo ubushushu, ie, iqondo lobushushu rhoqo emzimbeni, njalo kuxokwa-poikilothermic kunye homeothermic. I zangaphambili ukutshintsha iqondo layo, lo gama kwindawo yesibini, ukuba kusoloko rhoqo. Zonke ezincancisayo kwaye ezinye iintaka zizilwanyana homeothermic. Ukuze poikilothermic kubandakanya zonke izinto ngaphandle ezinye iintlobo iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. lobushushu lomzimba basondele lobushushu voice. Ekuhambeni kwe nasekusungulweni izilwanyana, endingowakhe homoiothermal, naphaya ukuze azikhusele kukugodola (yasebusika, ukufuduka, uboya, njalo njalo).

ukukhanya

izinto Abiotic yokusingqongileyo - oko ukukhanya ngegalelo lako. Its ebaluleke ngakumbi ezinkulu photosynthesizing nezityalo. Inqanaba photosynthesis kuchaphazela ubunzulu yemi- solar, ukwakhiwa esemgangathweni wokwabiwa ukukhanya ukukhanya kwexesha. Noko ke, iintsholongwane nomngundo ukuba ikwazi ukuzandisa ixesha elide ebumnyameni. Izityalo zahlulwe zibe kukukhanya-onothando, teplovynoslivye nobushushu-onothando.

Kuba izilwanyana ezininzi ubude imini ebalulekileyo, nto leyo echaphazela umsebenzi ngokwesondo ngokwandisa ngexesha imihla emide, yaye ekucinezeleni omfutshane photoperiod (ekwindla okanye ebusika).

ukufuma

Ukufuma yinto enzima yaye imele umlinganiselo umphunga wamanzi emoyeni kunye namanzi emhlabeni. I ukufuma level ixhomekeka ubomi iminyaka iiseli, kunye, ngokulandelelana, kunye wonke umzimba. Kumhlaba iimpembelelo ukufuma kwemvula, ubunzulu amanzi emhlabeni kunye nezinye iimeko. Ukufuma kuli edingekayo ukuze exela nezithako.

izinto Abiotic of bume amanzi

Izinto eziyimichiza ongekho ngaphantsi xa nkoka ku izinto eziphathekayo. indima enkulu bobabo irhasi ukwakhiwa yeegesi, kwakunye nokwakhiwa kwe zolwelo medium. Phantse zonke izinto kufuneka ioksijini, yaye ezinye izinto eziphilayo - nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide methane.

izinto Physical abiotic engqongileyo iingxenye ze gesi, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwabo izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala bume emanzini. Xa amanzi oLwandle Black, umzekelo, abaninzi emanzini, apho kungenxa yokuba ichibi uthathwa kuba evumayo kakhulu ngenxa eziphilayo ezininzi. Etyuwa - izakhi ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo emanzini. Uninzi izilwanyana zasemanzini abahlala emanzini ityuwa, ezimbalwa - emanzini aphilileyo, yaye ngaphantsi - in amanzi amtyuba kancinane. Ukusasazwa nokukotshwa izilwanyana zasemanzini abachatshazelwa yi uyakwazi ukugcina ubume ityuwa yokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi.