Electron - yintoni na le nto? Mihlaba kunye nembali ngexesha lokufunyanwa elektroni

Sonke esiphila ihlabathi libunjwa amancinci, imperceptible ukuya iliso amasuntswana. Electron - oku ngomnye wabo. ifunyanwe kuye kwenzeka kakhulu kutshanje. Kwaye wavula ulwazi entsha isakhiwo-atom, iindlela zokuhambisa umbane kunye isakhiwo elimiweyo liphela.

Indlela ukwahlukanisa ayahlukahlukenanga

Ukuqonda yanamhlanje electron - oku amasuntswana nezakhiwo. Zihambisana kwaye musa ezahlulwe izakhiwo ezincinane. Kodwa i ngcamango liye akusoloko ekho. De 1897 malunga elektroni Yayingazi.

iinkcuba Okuninzi Greece yamandulo thelekelwayo ukuba umba ngamnye kulo ukhanyiso, isakhiwo siqulathe nobuninzi "izitena 'ezincinane. Iyunithi incinane komba koko ingqalelo le-atom, yaye le nkolelo yaye yagqugqisa iminyaka kangangeenkulungwane.

Umelo kwi-atom itshintshile kuphela kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. Emva kokuba uphando J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, H. Lorenz, P. Zeeman amasuntswana incinane nuclei ayahlukahlukenanga atomic electron kuye kwaqatshelwa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwafunyaniswa protons, neutron, yaye kamva - le neutrino, kaons, pions, etc ...

Ngoku inzululwazi uyazi inani elikhulu amasuntswana samabanga aphantsi, indawo apho ngabafundi kuhlala kunye electron.

Ukufunyanwa kwe yamasuntswana entsha

Ngelo xesha xa electron bafumanisa kwi-atom, izazinzulu ziye kudala eyaziwayo ubukho umbane kunye ubutsalane. Kodwa nohlobo lokwenyaniso iimpawu ngokupheleleyo la nangoku obusemfihlekweni, elifumileyo iingqondo zesayensi ezininzi.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwakusaziwa ukuba andise radiation magnetic, isantya bokukhanya. Nangona kunjalo, i eliNgesi Dzhozef Tomson, sokuqhuba ii- ngokudangazela cathode, bagqiba ukuba yenziwa iinkozo ezininzi ezincinci ogama ubunzima lingaphantsi kwe yenyukliya.

Ngo-Epreli 1897 Thomson wenza intetho apho Wawusondeza uluntu lwazi ukuba ukuzalwa yamasuntswana entsha nokwakhiwa-athom, koko wathi corpuscle. Kamva, Ernest Rutherford kusetyenziswa imifuniselo ngefoyile ye waqinisekisa iziphetho njengomfundisi wakhe, kwaye corpuscles wanikwa elinye igama - ". Electron"

Le kwafunyaniswa kwenza uphuhliso kuphela isayensi kodwa imichiza. Kuyenzeka ukuba benze inkqubela ebonakalayo isifundo lombane kunye ubutsalane, iimpawu zenkqunto, wanika ukunyuka physics zenyukliya.

Yintoni umsebenzi ovela?

Electron - ke amasuntswana akhanya kunye kagesi. ulwazi lwethu kubo zisekho becala ziyaphikisana kwaye zingagqibeki. Umzekelo, izimvo mihla bahlala ngonaphakade, kuba kuwaphula, ngokungafaniyo neutron kunye protons (ukuwa theoretical component yobudala lokugqibela idlula ubudala wendalo).

Elektroni izinze kwaye isimangalo ezimbi rhoqo e = 1.6 x 10 ^-19 Cl. Baya kuba usapho fermions kunye leptons qela. Amasuntswana inxaxheba intsebenziswano buthathaka kagesi kunye omxhuzulane. Ziye ke yakhiwa athom. Amasuntswana eziye wahlukana athom - electron free.

Ubunzima elektroni ngu 9.1 x 10 ^-31 kg kwaye amaxesha 1836 ngaphantsi kwe ubunzima Proton. Baye nesiqingatha engundoqo kunye spin kunye umzuzwana ngemagnethi. Electron luchazwa yi unobumba "e ^-". Efanayo, kodwa uphawu lokwengeza kubonisa ochasene wayo - i antiparticle.

State of the electron in an atom

Xa kwacaca ukuba i-atom yenziwe kwezakhiwo ezincinane, kwakudingeka ukuba ukuqonda kakuhle nendlela ezicwangciswe ngayo. Ngoko ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwabonakala imodeli yokuqala atom. Ngokutsho imodeli langa, protons (ngokuqinisekileyo wamwisela) kunye neutron (cala) babenza ngumongo. A electron ehambahamba omise okweqanda.

Ezi mbono ezingqingqwa nokufika ophanda quantum kwinkulungwane XX ekuqaleni. Lui De Broglie wabeka phambili ingcamango yokuba electron uziphethe kungekuphela nje yamasuntswana, kodwa ibe ngumtshangatshangiso. Erwin Schrodinger kudala umfuziselo nokulatyuza-atom, apho electron zimelwe ngelifu mninzi ethile kwentlawulo.

Qondile indawo nesikhokelo electron ehlabathini ngumongo cishe kungenakwenzeka. Kulo mba, yaqalisa ibinzana okhethekileyo "Orbital" okanye "electron ilifu", oko kukuthi isithuba le kwiindawo ezininzi mhlawumbi amasuntswana bathi.

amazinga amandla

Electron ilifu ngeenxa i-atom kanye njengokuba kunye protons yaseburhulumenteni. Bonke bephela ngokwemigama ezahlukeneyo. Kufutshane core zilungiswe electron kunye mali ubuncinane wamandla. Le amandla kakhulu kukuba kule amasuntswana, kokukhona na.

Kodwa zicwangciswe efunisela, uthabathe imigangatho ethile, leyo inokuthatha kuphela inani elithile amasuntswana. kwinqanaba ngalinye imali yaso wamandla kwaye yahlulwe-amanqanaba nkqutyana, kunye nabo, bona, phezu orbitals.

Bachaze iimpawu kunye nendawo electron kumanqanaba amandla, amane amanani kwenani :

• n - kwinani engundoqo ngokukhankanya amandla electron reserve (liyangqinelana nenani kwexesha kwemichiza element);
• l - inani Orbital, echaza imilo efini electron (s - ungqukuva, p - ifom ezisibhozo, d - ukuma clover okanye eights kabini, f - imilo entsonkothileyo);
• m - inani otsalayo ekuchazeni orientation ilifu entsimini magnetic;
• ms - inombolo spin, leyo ubonakalise electron ngeenxa axis yayo.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, electron - esitalini, amasuntswana kakubi ityala. Zizinto ezingundoqo kwaye akakwazi zisonakala zide zibe kwezinye izinto. Ziye ke wabhekisela amasuntswana ezisisiseko, oko kukuthi, abo eziyinxalenye isakhiwo mbandela.

yisa electron ngeenxa eziba kwakunye nephetshana iqokobhe yazo electron. Bachaphazela acid, woqondo iimpawu, mechanical kunye kazibuthe kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ezi amasuntswana zinenxaxheba intsebenziswano magnetic kunye omxhuzulane. intshukumo yabo zemiyalelo kudala intsimi electric current and ngemagnethi.