Pedagogy - a ... pedagogy Science. pedagogy Social. iingxaki pedagogy

History of Education enemvelaphi yayo elidlulileyo kude. Kunye abantu bokuqala wabonakala nemfundo, kodwa inzululwazi inkqubo ukuyilwa yesazisi iye yasekwa kakhulu kamva. ingcambu unobangela kukuvela naliphi na isebe zenzululwazi ebizwa izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini. Xa kukho imfuneko yokuba iimeko amava wemfundo ukwenza amaziko ezizodwa zemfundo noqeqesho ukuze bayale isizukulwana esitsha waqalisa kuvela seendlela eyahlukileyo. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba mandundu inkqubo kusahlulwa eyingcingane baqalisa ukulungiselela abantwana ukuba ubomi ezimeleyo eluntwini. Elona xabiso liphezulu ngumzali ekuqaleni iqhotyoshelwe kuphela kumazwe amaninzi kuphuhliswa - China, Greece, Egypt ne India.

Kungekudala kwakhona ikwazile ukufumanisa ukuba uluntu iphuhlise kancinci okanye ngokukhawuleza ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba apho imfundo le abaselula.

igalelo elikhulu. lidala

Kwintanda-bulumko yamaGrike amandulo ngokuba yi-Cradle of zonke iinkqubo zemfundo yaseYurophu. ummeli wayo ezigqame - yi Democritus. Wacaphula Ukufana imfundo kunye nendalo, ngokuthi imfundo rearranges umntu, ngaloo ndlela inguqu emhlabeni.

pedagogy Inzululwazi iye kuphuhliswa ngakumbi ngenxa imisebenzi uSocrates, Aristotle uPlato. Baye ekuphuhliseni iingcinga zibalulekileyo kunye nemigaqo enxulumene ukuyilwa ubuntu.

Yesiqhamo ingcamango yemfundo lwamaGrike-Roman yaba umsebenzi "a leMfundo isithethi". Umbhali walo - Mark faby Quintilian,-sobulumko wamaRoma.

abanemvume

Ngeli xesha, iCawa wayenza lokubanga ubomi bokomoya oluntu kunye nolwalathiso wemfundo eziqhelekileyo kuphela zonqulo. Uphuhliso zokufundisa kwenzeka ngokude hayi ngokukhawuleza kangangoko ngamakhoboka. Kwakukho eminyaka ubudala nokukhusela imigaqo inviolable wemfundiso nenkani, ebe ikhona eYurophu phantse elinambini iinkulungwane. zange ziphuhliswe ngokoqobo theory zokufundisa, nangona imigudu zobulumko bakhanyiselwa ezifana Augustine, uTertullian, Aquinas.

Renaissance

Eli xesha luphawulwa njengokuba ezingcono kakhulu sokuphuhlisa pedagogy, kunokuba kumaXesha Aphakathi. Eliphawulwe yi kwimisebenzi inani lootitshala sezifundo - Fransua Rable, Erasmus, Vittorino da Feltre, uMichel Montaigne kunye nabanye.

pedagogy Science wahlukana intanda ngenxa imisebenzi Yana Amosa Comenius (Czech Republic). Isiphumo umsebenzi wakhe - "didactics Enkulu" - enye imisebenzi yokuqala yesayensi neyokufundisa. An igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kwale nzululwazi wenze, kunye Dzhon Lokk. In "Abanye Iingcinga Ngokuphathelele Education," yena wavakalisa uluvo lwakhe malunga hlakulela Inene lokwenyani - umntu bazithembe yaye uyakwazi ukudibanisa imfundo esemagqabini kwiimpawu umsebenzi, ukuqina kwezimvo nondiliseko nembeko.

ngexesha elitsha

kuba History of Education akaphelelanga ngaphandle amagama afana kakuhle eyaziwa Western yiEnlightenment, uJean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Adolf Disterveg, uJohann Friedrich Herbart kunye Iogann Genrih Pestalotstsi.

pedagogy Russian iye yazuza udumo Bulelani ehlabathini lonke Konstantinu Dmitrievichu Ushinskomu. Enkosi kuye, kwabakho revolution wokwenene theory and ukusebenza zenzululwazi umbuzo. Waphawula ukuba injongo yemfundo ukulungiselela ubomi yomsebenzi, ukuba ulonwabo.

nempembelelo kuphuhliso pedagogy ukuba Edvard Torndayk kunye Dzhon Dyui, Maria Montessori kunye Bendzhamin Spok, Krupskaya kunye Muller, Makarenko kunye Sukhomlinsky kunye Danilov.

nesimo sangoku

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ininzi inkqubela esele kuphunyeziwe kwiqela kwimimandla pedagogy, kwaye wokuqala bonke umsebenzi iiteknoloji ezintsha pre-school kunye nemfundo kwizikolo zaseprayimari. Qualitative iinkqubo ezizodwa computer ukunceda ukulawula inkqubo yokufunda yiyo ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezilungileyo amandla aphantsi kunye nenkcitho ixesha.

pedagogy Modern yayiphawuleka umsebenzi esebenzayo kwi ekudalweni kwizikolo copyright, uphando kunye nemveliso izibonelelo kunye neziza zovavanyo. Imfundo kunye noqeqesho lusekelwe kwimigaqo humanistic nobuntu ebomini. Noko ke, imfundo - yinto isayensi, ngoko kude akanalo imbono olulodwa kulo kufuneka asebenze njani na abaselula. Akukho kwekhulu omnye yokuhlalisana iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngokutsho yokuqala, kufuneka bafundise abantwana ethobela kunye noloyiko. Ngokutsho yesibini - uthando nobubele. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba ukuphila ngokwako yenye iindlela olsifakileo ngokucacile, nje abasekho. Kulo meko, iingxaki eziphambili kwenzeka pedagogy, kwaye impendulo ngqo umbuzo ukuba wenzeni, abuyi kufunyanwa. Ngamanye amaxesha inzuzo enkulu kwibutho abantu bazisa okungenxa imithetho engqongqo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha - ezikrelekrele, nokuthantamisa, bebonakala benobulali. Ngelo xesha iindlela ezifanayo ngegqudu zokusebenza nabantwana kukho isizathu ecacileyo ngenzululwazi. Ngokutsho IF Herbart, abantwana ukususela ekuzalweni semvelo "sidlala zasendle", nto leyo esisizathu sokuba uqeqesho kuphela ubucaka kunokukhokelela iziphumo ezibambekayo. Iindlela eziphambili wabiza ugrogriso sisohlwayo, imiqathango kunye kweliso.

Uqhankqalazo nalo hlobo azinampembelelo mntu ngobhalo wemfundo yasimahla. Umbhali walo - Yankee Rousseau. Zhan Zhak yena kunye nabalandeli bakhe ndalwela intlonipho abantwana kunye nokukhuthaza inkqubo yazo zendalo yophuhliso. Ngenxa yoko, indlela entsha - pedagogy humanistic. Le yinkqubo ye iithiyori zenzululwazi. It unikela indima abafundi ngokulinganayo, abazi, kunye nxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yemfundo.

Indlela ukufumanisa iqondo lo humanization yenkqubo yemfundo? Oku kuxhomekeke kwindlela ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuba imiqathango for ngamnye self-ukuqonda.

Izisekelo pedagogy. Khetha into, isihloko, iinjongo kunye nemisebenzi yesayensi

Unqontsonqa pedagogy - ngamnye, nto leyo senzeka ngexesha yonxulumano zemfundo. Abaphandi abakhange afikelele kwisivumelwano sokuba lo mxholo zenzululwazi umbuzo. Nazi iimbono ababhali ezahlukeneyo: Pedagogy isifundo - imfundo yomntu njengoko bebubalaselisa ekhethekileyo yoluntu (Kharlamov); inkqubo kwemithetho Injongo yenkqubo nembali ethile yelo yemfundo (Likhachev); imfundo, uqeqesho, imfundo, uphuhliso ngokwasentlaweni zobuchule kunye ngamnye (Andreev).

Imithombo lophuhliso lwenzululwazi

- Amava ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo kwiinkulungwane-ubudala, imfundo, ebotshwe indlela yobomi, izithethe namasiko.

- Iinkqubo zobulumko, oonontlalo-ntle, iisayikholojisti kunye nootitshala.

- Imigaqo ye-nkqubo yangoku yemfundo.

- Idatha eqokelelwe ngenkqubo izifundo-yenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo.

- Amava ootitshala-zimvo, ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yoqobo kunye nezimvo zemfundo.

imisebenzi

Njengento inzululwazi zenzelwe ukukhuthaza uphando ngenjongo yokwandisa stock yeemeko, ezifunyaniswe kunye nokwakhiwa imifuziselo imfundo kunye neenkqubo zemfundo. Le ngxaki zenzululwazi. Njengokuba kude kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukuze phakathi kwabo abafundi zemfundo noqeqesho. Ukongeza, imisebenzi zahlulwe okwethutyana kunye esisigxina. I yangaphambili ziquka umbutho kwamathala eencwadi, iincwadi ngekhompyutha, umsebenzi zokufundisa ngemigangatho yobungcali, ukwabiwa kwe-stressors ezinkulu kumsebenzi katitshala, uqeqesho yayisetyenziselwa uphuhliso base abantu ababuthathaka, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe ezintsha kunye noqeqesho lootitshala elizayo, njl Phakathi imisebenzi esisigxina zezi zilandelayo: ukuchonga kweepateni entsimini uqeqesho, imfundo, imfundo, ulawulo zemfundo kunye neenkqubo zemfundo; ukufunda ngamava umsebenzi zokufundisa; ukusebenza iindlela ezintsha, iifomu, kuthetha, imfundo kunye noqeqesho; utshintshwano Ipredikshini kwinkqubo yemfundo kwixesha elizayo kufutshane nokude; ukuphunyezwa lweziphumo ezifunyenwe ngethuba uphando practice.

imisebenzi

Pedagogy - isayensi, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ukuze ukuphunyezwa yonke imisebenzi yemfundo noqeqesho kumanqanaba lobuchwepheshe kunye nemiqathango. Cinga imisebenzi kwinqanaba theoretical:

- lencazelo. Ngaba ukuchaza imfundiso izibakala, izenzakalo kunye neenkqubo, kwakunye ekucaciseni phantsi kwaziphi iimeko kwaye kutheni iinkqubo zemfundo zenzeka ngendlela hayi ngenye indlela.

- sokuhlola. Kubalulekile ukuseka ubume iziganeko ezithile zokufundisa, umsebenzi ukusebenza katitshala nabafundi, kwakunye nokumisela ityala zokuqinisekisa impumelelo.

- osho. Kuyinto ukulindela lobungqina yokufundisa umsebenzi yezemfundo, ebandakanya zombini iziqalelo ithiyori kwaye aluncedo.

Ngokumalunga kwinqanaba zobuchwepheshe, oko kuquka le misebenzi ilandelayo:

- projective enxulumene nophuhliso babangenagama lwemethodoloji (iincwadana, izikhokelo, izicwangciso kunye neenkqubo).

- luphucula ezijoliswe ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwi pedagogy zemfundo izenzo zemfundo ngenjongo zokuphucula walo notshintsho.

- kubuka kunye hlengahlengiso, ezibandakanya uvavanyo impembelelo yophando ukufundisa.

- akhuliswe kunye nemfundo, waqonda ngokusebenzisa imfundo, uqeqesho kunye nophuhliso lomntu.

Imigaqo siseko pedagogy esisiseko

Science ingabizwa aqolileyo kuphela xa ubonisa kakuhle eli ingqalelo iphezulu nesenzeko kwaye akwazi ukuqikelela inguqu entsimini kunye nesenzeko nangomoya.

Phantsi ngezenzeko ziquka iziganeko ezithile okanye iinkqubo iipropati ezithi zibonise icala lwangaphandle bobukho luhlobo zempilo into ethile. Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, luluhlu lobudlelwane, unxulumano enzulu kunye nemithetho zasekhaya ukuseka iimpawu neentsingiselo zophuhliso lweenkqubo eziphathekayo.

Ngaphandle uhlalutyo theoretical imigaqo, imithetho kunye nemithetho pedagogy akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuhlela indlela yokufundisa kunye zokufundisa kakuhle. Okwangoku, kukho imithetho zilandelayo zenzululwazi umbuzo:

- umanyano ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yemfundo.

- Ubudlelwane inamacandelo theoretical and practical.

- ukuphuhlisa uqeqesho kunye nokufundisa.

- kwezentlalo ngqo iinjongo.

Njengoko kuchaziwe yi VI Andreev, isimiso zokufundiswa yenye iindidi zenzululwazi, nokwandisa isiseko kwemithetho, ngokusekelwe iiphatheni lusekiwe kwaye abonakalisa indlela zokusombulula iingxaki zokufundiswa kwe kwiklasi ethile. Ngokutsho ku PI Pidkasistyĭ, isimiso zokufundisa - isikhokelo ezingundoqo, nto leyo ebonisa ukulandelelana izenzo ingqiqo Bonga, ingabi wumbi.

- Umgaqo sezingqondweni umsebenzi ngamnye kwinkqubo yokufunda esekelwe kwingqiqo ethi inkqubo yokufunda iya kuba eyiyo inxaxheba abafundi kwimisebenzi yokufunda.

- Umgaqo yoqeqesho yenkqubo ngokusekelwe kwindlela ethile yokufundisa nokufunda, structures umbandela, ngokusekelwe kwisizathu nesiphumo kunye amakhonkco idlozi isikhundla ukungcola abucala kunye eqhelekileyo.

- Ukubambelela-siseko efanayo, ootitshala ukubonelela abafundi Dynamics ngezimvo nezokupasa ezivela ezaziwayo angayaziyo, ukususela kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo; njl

- Ngokutsho kumgaqo nokufumaneka koqeqesho, ukukhethwa izixhobo zokufundisa isekelwe phezu umlinganiselo ophezulu eyonwabisayo nokuntsonkotha, kunye neenkcukacha malunga nobudala babafundi kunye nezinga labo amanyathelo abonakalayo nangokwasengqondweni.

- Ngomhla-siseko umxholo izinto bafunda zenzululwazi kufuneka babenolwazi ithiyori, inyaniso kunye nenjongo mithetho.

imithetho Pedagogy - izikhokelo kwimiba ethile uqeqesho kunye nemfundo. Emva kwabo iqinisekisa lokusekwa amaqhinga kangangoko amanyathelo kudaleke ukusebenza yokusombulula zonke iintlobo iingxaki zokufundisa.

ulawulo ezahlukileyo zokufundisa ingabizwa ezixabisekileyo ukuba kudityaniswe ngokufanelekileyo nabanye bathobele lo okanye loo mgaqo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze kuphunyezwe umgaqo lomsebenzi isenesazela utitshala ekucetyiswa ukuba zilandele ngqo le migaqo ilandelayo:

- pay ingqalelo ukuchaza iinjongo kunye neenjongo zemisebenzi elizayo;

- ukuzibandakanya ekubunjweni lokukhuthazwa abafundi nokwakha phezu izinto zabo;

- ujonge intuition kunye namava yobomi besikolo;

- sebenzisa mizekelo ibonisa imifanekiso ukuze ubonise izinto ezintsha;

- ukubona ukuba yonke kwaqondwa.

Amaxabiso zokufundisa - bulawula elawula umsebenzi utitshala obambeleyo inkqubo okuqonda njengokuba ekufumaneni kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi esekwe kwihlabathi-uluntu kwinkalo yemfundo kunye nootitshala nabasebenzi. Bona abunjwe ngokwembali kwaye olungatshintshiyo uhlobo lokuqonda koluntu.

Amasebe kunye namaCandelo

Kuphuhliso nayiphi isayensi ukwandisa isiseko theoretical component, samkele isiqulatho esitsha kwaye lidala differentiation yangaphakathi kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zophando. Namhlanje, ingqikelelo "pedagogy" ithetha inkqubo lonke Sciences:

- Jikelele Pedagogy. Le uqeqesho Sisiseko. Yena uye ephanda imithetho esisiseko imfundo, nokuphuhlisa iziseko neenkqubo zokufunda kumaziko emfundo kuzo zonke iintlobo. Le isiyalo kokukhutshelwa yokufundisa umsebenzi, imigaqo ngokubanzi, didactics, iinkqubo zemfundo, ithiyori ulawulo, imethodoloji, pedagogy, ifilosofi imbali yemfundo.

- Ubudala pedagogy ejoliswe ukufunda iimpawu ngabanye emfundo kumabanga yobudala ahlukeneyo. Kuxhomekeka kweli phawu ukwahlula osana, izityalo, pedagogy uthole, kunye nesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kwimfundo yemisebenzi yezandla aphakamileyo, efundisa kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, yaye pedagogy androgogics kwesigaba sesithathu.

- pedagogy Special iphuhlise theory iziseko, imigaqo, iindlela, iintlobo neendlela zemfundo noqeqesho abantu kunye nophuhliso kakuhle emzimbeni nasengqondweni. Amalungu ayo ziquka amacandelo ezifana surdo-, tiflo-, pedagogics zoLuleko.

- Ngenxa pedagogy professional wenza isiseko ithiyori kunye nophuhliso imigaqo yemfundo kunye nemfundo umntu othatha inxaxheba kwindawo ethile yomsebenzi. Kuxhomekeka endle ethile ayikhuphi mveliso, emkhosini, ubunjineli, zonyango, ezemidlalo kunye pedagogy emkhosini.

- pedagogy Social. Olu qeqesho sele ukufunda imithetho ndikhuliswe lwentlalo kunye nemfundo yabantwana. pedagogy Social kubandakanya izinto ezenziwayo kwakunye nemiqathango kwinkalo kwimfundo yesikolo kunye nemfundo yabantwana kunye nabantu abadala.

- Task imfundo ephilisayo - zobunjineli inkqubo yoqeqesho zemfundo kunye nenkqubo yemfundo kunye nabafundi elibuthathaka okanye egula.

- Gender pedagogy Uyayiqwalasela iindlela ukudala indawo entofontofo abantwana esikolweni kunye neendlela zokusombulula iingxaki elihle kwezentlalo.

- Ethnopedagogics ukuchonga iipatheni iimpawu emfundo kazwelonke kunye nobuhlanga ngokusekelwe iindlela ethno-nangokolwimi lwezenhlalo zakudala, ngenkcazo,.

- Ngokusebenzisa imigaqo zobuzali liphuhlise inkqubo yemfundo bekhulisa abantwana entsatsheni.

- Umsebenzi wemfundo lothelekiso - Iipateni ukufunda kophuhliso kunye nokusebenza iinkqubo zemfundo noqeqesho kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

- pedagogy yabasebenzi yokulungisa isondlo obagwebelayo iinketho esiqhele lwabantu eluvalelweni.

nobuhlobo obuhle

Kwengqondo e pedagogy lisetyenziswa ukuchaza, atolike aze ahlele izibakala. Ukongeza, inzululwazi ekuthethwa ngokusondeleyo edibene amalungu njengoko ukuchonga uphuhliso engqondweni nasemzimbeni neendlela zolawulo abafundi kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iipateni msebenzi eziphilayo. Ubudlelwane olunzima kakhulu phakathi pedagogy kunye economics. Le yokugqibela uyakwazi ukuphembelela kuphuhliso lwemfundo eluntwini. Kulo mzekelo, inkqubo yamanyathelo yezoqoqosho kunokuba isebenze okanye isiphumo inhibitory lokufunwa yokufumana ulwazi olutsha, yaye eli xesha ikwaqwalasela akhawunti pedagogy. Imfundo nenkqubo ikwimfuno ezimileyo ukuvuselela uqoqosho.

indawo ezinzile

Okwangoku, akukho namnye ungxamele ukuthandabuza ubume pedagogy zenzululwazi. Sele iyinto eyaziwayo ukuba injongo yalo kukuba ulwazi imithetho imfundo noqeqesho kunye ukubunjwa kwabantu ukuba lo njengesiseko ukujonga iindlela ezingcono ukuphumeza iinjongo ukufundisa. Ngokutsho zophando ezininzi, le inzululwazi yindlela eqhelekileyo of a ithiyori (elikuwo, imigaqo, imithetho, izifundo pedagogy) kunye practical (ubugcisa, iindlela, techniques).

Research Institute

ERashiya, uphuhliso pedagogy uhlawule elide ingqalelo. Ukuze kuphuculwe le isayensi kwi-USSR, amaziko amabini ophando zavuleka. Esokuqala ukususela 1924 ukuya 1939-th nyaka. Le National Institute of Scientific Pedagogy. Yayikumgama kwi Fontanka eweni.

The Research Institute of Education, eyasekwa ngo-1948, oniphethe kunye nembali kunye nethiyori, kwakunye neendlela zokufundisa. Ngowe-1969 kwathiwa similise lweziko lemfundo ngokubanzi abadala.

evalelisa ootitshala

Humanistic iparameters yomsebenzi emfundo - into leyo esekelwe le pedagogy mihla. Izihloko zophando lwezenzululwazi owenziwa kule ndawo zenzelwe ukunceda ootitshala ukuba babhale phantsi umahluko phakathi ezingxamisekileyo zoluntu kunye ngokufanelekileyo, bobukho ezifanelekileyo. Utitshala mihla bazama ukoyisa izithuba nokuphucula, ukuba ibe ecacileyo yembono self-determination for ukudluliselwa kolwazi kubafundi kunye nomsebenzi ngempumelelo zemfundo.