Izityalo ezweni kuqala yaba ... Izityalo zokuqala emhlabeni

Thina, ababephila, ingako eyaziwayo abameli yokuqala zehlabathi izityalo. Ngelishwa, iifosili yazo kancinane. Kodwa izazinzulu, esebenzisa Fossilisation iifosili kushiywe izityalo yamandulo, kodwa wabuyela imbonakalo yazo, kwakunye kwakhona iimpawu ngesakhiwo yezityalo, waba ngowokuqala abemi belizwe.

Science ukuba ufunda iimpawu ngesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza izityalo eziphili zamandulo ezaba lilitye ubizwa ngokuba "paleobotanist." It paleobotanists benza ekufuneni iimpendulo kwimibuzo malunga nemvelaphi yehlabathi izityalo.

Ucalulo lwezityalo ibihlungu

Izityalo zokuqala on Earth liphindaphindwe sikuyo. Phakathi flora ezaziphila kwakhona izityalo ibihlungu. Ngokutsho ngezigaba, baya kuhlanganiswa kwiqela elinye - i "izityalo ibihlungu ephezulu." Behambisa Rhyniophyta, Zosterofilofitami, Trimsrofitami, Psilotofitami, bryophytes (Bryophytes) Likopodiofitami (lycopsids) Ekvizetofitami (Horsetail) kunye Polipodiofitami (kumila). Phakathi kwezi amacandelo amathathu zokuqala ngokupheleleyo icinyiwe, kunye nabanye uqambe nje icinyiwe, kwaye ngoku amaqela ezikhoyo.

Rhyniophyta - izityalo ezweni kuqala

Izityalo ezweni kuqala kwakukho abameli ngeentyatyambo, kakuhle Umhlaba malunga 450 yezigidi. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Bekhula kufutshane kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo amanzi okanye yintsimi emanzini, nto leyo waphawulwa ayaphola ngamaxesha kunye ukomisa.

Zonke izityalo ziye kakuhle eli lizwe, kukho uphawu eqhelekileyo. Le ukwahlulwa komzimba ibe ngamaqela amabini - ngentla-phantsi komhlaba. Esi sakhiwo uphawu Rhyniophyta.

Iintsalela zezityalo zamandulo kuqala yafunyanwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX kwi kummandla Canada yanamhlanje. Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo, eso sigqibo akanamdla iingcali-zezityalo. Kwaye ngo-1912, kufuphi ilali Scottish Rayni ugqirha kwilali wendawo bafumana izityalo ezininzi iifosili. Wayengazi ukuba egcina iintsalela abemi yelo zwe, kodwa, ukuba nomdla kakhulu, ndagqiba ukufunda ubhaqo umdla. Emva kokwenza Imi, wafumana iintsalela kakuhle abalondolozwa kwezityalo. Isiqu ndandibhityile, engenanto, yaye oko baye neenkqubo lume (ezifana, amaso evuthelweyo) ngeendonga zamafu kakhulu apha. Ulwazi malunga ukufunyanwa ngokukhawuleza yafikelela paleobotanists ukuba waza wafumanisa ukuba uhlala bafumana ezi zityalo ezweni kuqala. Kwakukho amathandabuzo malunga igama ezi iintsalela amandulo. Kodwa ekugqibeleni siye sagqiba ekubeni siye phambili ukuya nje yaye igama izityalo extinct Rhyniophyta igama le lali, wabafumana kufuphi ngalo kubo.

iimpawu zezakhiwo

isakhiwo lwangaphandle Rhyniophyta kwakudala kakhulu. Iqumrhu olusabufolokhwe uhlobo dichotomous, oko kukuthi, iinxalenye ezimbini. Amagqabi kunye iingcambu langoku, baye engakabi nayo. Ukuphuma emhlabeni wenziwe usebenzisa rhizoids. Ngokumalunga isakhiwo lwangaphakathi, oko kukuthi, phezu koko, kwaba kakhulu nzima, ingakumbi xa kuthelekiswa ne lisiza. Ngoko ke, eli laphu nesigubungelo waba izixhobo stomatal, apho iinkqubo kunaniselwano negesi uwase amanzi. Ngenxa yokuswela kwawo izihlunu ngomatshini, izityalo yokuqala ehlabathini baba omncinane ukuphakama (50 cm) kwaye ubukhulu isiqu (malunga 0.5 cm).

Paleobotanists bakholelwa ukuba zonke izityalo ilizwe mihla wavela Rhyniophyta.

Psilophytes - izityalo ezweni kuqala. Yinyaniso le?

Kunokuba akukho ngaphezu yes. Igama "psilophytes" ngokwenene wayeyinxalenye nkqu ngo-1859. Yeyona palaeobotanist Dawson American ogama njengomnye zezityalo ezifunyanwa. Wakhetha olu khetho, njengoko kwi ukuguqulelwa gama lithetha "zezityalo ze." De ekuqalekeni psilophytes XX kwinkulungwane ebizwa sodidi izityalo yamandulo. Kodwa iziphumo zolu hlobo Uphicotho-up iye yaphela, kunye nokusetyenziswa eli gama liye laba ayifanelekile. Kweli nqanaba kuzenza echazwe ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi Reania unika igama yonke isebe mdala enezityalo ezisentlabathini. Ngenxa yoko, izityalo ilizwe zokuqala Rhyniophyta.

abameli imifuziselo kwezityalo ezweni kuqala

Wavele, izityalo ilizwe lokuqala Cookson kunye Reania.

Enye abameli kakhulu enezityalo yaba Cookson, ebinezinto ukuvela kubude isihlahla esincinci elingagqithanga 7 cm. Of imeko ekhuthaza ukukhula Ngekumlungele ukuba ebengazalwanga emathafeni afumileyo. Iifosili Cookson kunye neentlobo zayo ezinxulumene afumaneka kwi-Czech Republic, eUnited States kwezinye iindawo West eSiberia.

Vala e nomini, Reania ngcono kakhulu bafunda ngaphezu Cookson. Umzimba wayo waba omkhulu ngakumbi: ukuphakama isityalo akwazi ukufikelela ukuya kwi-50 cm, kwaye sangqa izikhondo - 5 mm. Ekupheleni izikhondo ke uThixo amajukujuku rinii, apho kwakukho iingxabano.

abameli yamandulo Reania zavelisa izityalo ezininzi ndawo kunye efudumeleyo. Ngokutsho yokuhlela mihla, bamanyene kwisebe psilophytes. Yinto encinane kakhulu, enyanisweni iquka iintlobo ezimalunga nama-20. Kwezinye iinkalo ukuba ziyafana kakhulu izinyanya zabo. Ingakumbi, bobabini babe eyayizalwa dichotomous. Psilophytes ukuphakama elisondeleyo cm-25 ukuya kuma-40.

iziphumo zale mihla

Kude kube kamva nje, paleontologists abayifumeneyo neetyuwa ngaphezu kwezigidi 425 iminyaka, kuphela iintsalela abangekaphuhli imbambano triletnyh kunye iqokobhe kakuhle. ezafunyanwa ezinjalo yafunyanwa kummandla Turkey. Bona isiwe Upper Ordovician. izinto Found ayikwazi ingabi mhlophe ukukhanya phezu ngexesha ingenzeka kwezityalo ezinemigca, njengoko ayembalwa kwaye akukacaci ngokupheleleyo ngayo kanye kanye abameli lweentlobo zezityalo izinto ezigudileyo sikuyo.

Kodwa hayi kudala iintsalela ethembekileyo triletnyh impikiswano iqokobhe ornamented kwafunyanwa Saudi Arabia. Kwakugqitywa kwelokuba ubudala iisampuli ezifumaneka isusela ukusuka 444 ukuya 450 yezigidi. Iminyaka.

Izityalo eneentyatyambo semithambo emva glaciation

Kwisiqingatha sesibini ngoku Ordovician Saudi Arabia nase Turkey okwabangela ukuba inxalenye esemantla supercontinent ajenos. Oku, kuyabonakala ukuba, yaba kwindawo zokuhlala zezityalo ezinemigca. ixesha elide zembali bahlala kuphela yakhe 'ezalwa kwindaleko, "ngoxa umhlaba omiweyo abameli kudidi kunye kriptosporami yayo mossy. Kungenzeka, ubunzima kunikwe kwakhona kwezityalo ezinemigca yaqala emva kokuba glaciation enkulu kwenzeka xa Ekuveleni Ordovician kunye Silurian.

theory telome

Ekuhambeni kophononongo kwakukho ekuthiwa-Rhyniophyta telome ithiyori, leyo wadalwa yi yezityalo German Zimmermann. Lityhila iimpawu zezakhiwo Rhyniophyta, apho ngelo xesha yathatyathwa izityalo ezweni kuqala. Zimmermann waboniswa kwaye umendo kulindeleke lokuba kwezityalo ezibalulekileyo amalungu okuzala zezityalo ngaphezulu.

Ngokutsho sisazinzulu German umzimba Rhyniophyta kwakuba nezamazembe radially macala, amasebe terminal apho Zimmerman ekuthiwa umzimba (ukusuka Telos Greek -. "Isiphelo").

indlela kwindaleko umzimba, akuba ukufumene utshintsho amaninzi aba amalungu eziphambili izityalo eziphezulu: Izenzi, amagqabi, iingcambu, sporophylls.

Ngoko ke wena unako ngokucacileyo uphendule lo mbuzo: "Zeziphi izityalo ilizwe kuqala?". Namhlanje, impendulo icacile. Baba Rhyniophyta. Baya kuqala ivele ngaphantsi komhlaba kwaye yaba baso abameli mihla izilwanyana, nangona ubume babo yangaphandle nangaphakathi zezakudala.