Painting medieval (ngokufutshane)

Middle Ages wayedla ngokuba mnyama kwaye lisibekele. Kuye ekhuthazwa izimpi zenkolo, izenzo Kwamacala, amayeza kakuhle. Noko ke, kwiZigaba Aphakathi ushiye ezikhumbuzo ezininzi kwenkcubeko, inzala encomekayo. Architecture ne Umfanekiso akukho bemi ngxi: ukudibanisa iimpawu xesha, ziye zakhokelela izimbo olutsha neentsingiselo. Kunye nabo, gqolo ahamba bepeyinta bamaXesha Aphakathi. Ngayo kwaye kuxoxwe namhlanje.

Ngokubambisana

Ukususela XI XII kwinkulungwane kuzo zonke zobugcisa yaseYurophu alawula indlela Romanesque. ibinzana Basic yokuba wayezuza bokwakha. Kuba amabandla yexesha uphawu emithathu, ubuncinane isakhiwo yecawa zisiya-aselwandle ezintlanu, neefestile ezo zivaliweyo ukuba musa ukunika ukukhanya okukhulu. i sesakhiwo eli thuba idla ngokuba aphelelwe lithemba. uhlobo Romanesque kwi ekupeyinteni kumaXesha Aphakathi kwakhona lunikeza ezinye ubungnqongqo. Phantse yonke inkcubeko yobugcisa enikelwe eziphathelene nenkolo. Kwaye izinto zaphezulu ezotywe ngendlela kunokuba esibulalayo idibana umoya amaxesha. Masters abanduluka ukugqithisa iinkcukacha zeziganeko ezithile. Ingqwalasela ingqalelo yabo intsingiselo engcwele, ukupeyinta zamaxesha aphakathi kunjalo, ukuyeka ngokufutshane iinkcukacha, okokuqala bonke badlula ixabiso yokomfuziselo oku na ukuzigqwetha olinganise xa zizalwa.

kwamagama

Artists belo xesha wayengazi ikamva. Xa bekwenza ngemizobo yabo yepeyinti abalinganiswa kumgca enye. Kodwa, nkqu nje ukuphumelela kulula ukuqonda indlela inani ngomfanekiso zaseprayimari. Ukuze amise uluhlu ecacileyo iinkosi ngabo benza abanye kude kakhulu ekukhuleni kwabanye. Ngenxa yoko, inani kaKristu isoloko baphahlwe phezu Iingelosi, yaye, bona, alawula abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Le yokwamkela yaba Icala: akazange anikezele imeko ethile yenkululeko ngomfanekiso kunye neenkcukacha ngasemva. Ngenxa yoko, ekupeyinteni kumaXesha Aphakathi xesha ingqalelo kuphela iingongoma eziphambili, hayi ntoni na imprinting eziziisekondari. Lo mfanekiso luhlobo sikim, igqithisa eyona, kodwa hayi bokuqonda.

iziza

Ukupeyinta European yaseMbindi Ages isimbo Romanesque yayizele imifanekiso iziganeko fantastic kunye nabalinganiswa. Ingqwalasela eyodwa kwasinika ibali elibuhlungu ngokuchaza izenzo ezayo zesibhakabhaka isikwere okanye bubugqwirha sotshaba lonke uhlanga lwabantu. Kwakukho imiboniso yenkohlakalo Apocalypse.

isigaba eziphelayo

buciko kwexesha Romanesque yaba ukupeyinta kuMbindi Ages ekuqaleni, xa phantsi koxinzelelo zeziganeko zembali ziye phantse zinyamalele ezininzi eziphilayo yayo predominated imifuziselo. Esekelwe kunye miniatures of XI-XII iinkulungwane. Ukuchaza igunya ngokomoya phezu eziphathekayo, kuvule indlela yokuba uphuhliso olungaphezulu iintshukumo wobugcisa. Mizobo kwelo xesha yaba nqanaba ebalulekileyo inguqu ukusuka kumaxesha obumnyama lobuciko ukuwa uBukhosi baseRoma kunye ngesinyanzeliso ngumbharbhari rhoqo ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha qualitative, enemvelaphi yayo lolawulo zwe.

utshintsho sisihle

art zwe zamaXesha Aphakathi ufumbethe imvelaphi yayo utshintshwano yonqulo. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII phantse zonke izibingelelo zaye zincediswa yi-altarpiece, ezibandakanya imifanekiso emibini okanye emithathu ebonisa izicaphulo kwiZibhalo Ezingcwele. Ukuveliswa loo msebenzi ezifunwa yi inkosi olunzulu ukuqonda ngoxanduva lwabo phambi koThixo kunye nebandla kwaye ngaxeshanye inikeza indawo ukuze ukusebenzisa izakhono zabo.

Khula Franciscans kwakhona ngqo negalelo kuphuhliso yokudweba. Charter wabophelela abalandeli ubomi obulula, yaye ngoko ukuhombisa yoonongendi akaphenduli kaMosisi. Waye indawo umzobo eludongeni.

Ideologist Order, Frantsisk Assizsky, izise iinguqu nje kuphela ebomini yonqulo, kodwa ke ingqiqo kwihlabathi womntu ephakathi. Sikhokelwe umzekelo sakhe sothando ubomi zonke iintlobo, amagcisa baqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo ngakumbi yokwenene. On the canvases kusekho isiqulatho zonqulo zaqalisa ukuvela iinkcukacha meko, zotywa kwakunye abalinganiswa abaphambili.

Italian Gothic

Painting of the Ages Aphakathi kwi kummandla ekuziseni uBukhosi baseRoma ezifunyenwe kwangoko ngokwaneleyo, iimpawu ezininzi ezinenkqubela. Apha sasihlala esebenza Cimabue kunye Duccio, ezimbini owaseka ngokoqobo ebonakalayo ukuba kude ngenkulungwane XX, wahlala ingqwalasela ephambili kubugcisa obubonwayo eYurophu. Altarpiece ngabakwenzayo ngokufuthi zazibonisa Madonna and Child.

Giotto di Bondone, owayehlala ngandlel kamva, baba Imizobo odumileyo ebonisa abantu kakhulu emhlabeni. Abalinganiswa mizobo bakhe babonakala ukuba isaphila. Giotto ngeendlela ezininzi ngaphambi kwexesha, yaye kuphela emva kwexesha elithile kuye kwaqatshelwa njenge igcisa omkhulu kakhulu.

imizobo

ukupeyinta medieval ngxi kwixesha Romanesque iye natyetyiswa njengobuchule entsha. ipeyinti steel Master isicelo phezu udaka nangoku umanzi. Le ndlela iye yanxulunyaniswa ubunzima obuthile: umzobi kwakufuneka ukuba asebenze ngokukhawuleza, ukubhala phantsi ngeenyama zalo kwi iindawo apho ukutyabeka namanje manzi. Kodwa indlela enjalo zixakatha neziqhamo: ipeyinti, wendele ukutyabeka, hayi ndihlanjwe, nokuqhela ahlale kakuhle ixesha elide kakhulu.

nombono

art medieval yaseYurophu ndaya kwi kubunzulu. indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ebidlalwe ngumnqweno ukugqithisa ubunyani ifilimu, imiqulu yawo yonke. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kule minyaka ufunde izakhono zakhe, artists baqeqeshwa kukuveza kwixesha elizayo, ukuba banike imizimba kunye nezifundo ufana yokuqala.

Ezi nomzamo ngokucacileyo ebonakalayo imisebenzi enxulumene ngesimbo amazwe nawezizwe Gothic, siqulunqwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIV. Painting of the Ages Aphakathi kwelo xesha iimpawu ezizodwa: ingqalelo iinkcukacha, a Ukuntsonkotha ethile kunye nokuphuculwa ngokomfanekiso transmission, ezama ukwakha ikamva.

miniatures

iimpawu uphawu womzobo lweli thuba kakhulu ngokucacileyo kule mizekeliso ezincinane nihombisa iincwadi. Phakathi iinkosi of miniatures ukukhankanywa into bafanelwe abazalwana Limbourg, owayephila kwinkulungwane XV ekuqaleni. Basebenza phantsi ukusekelwa luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi uJean de Berry, umzalwana omncinane uyeza uKumkani waseFransi, uCharles V. Enye imisebenzi edume amagcisa yaba "Tres Ubutyebi Heures du Duc de Berry". Uye wenza uzuko njengabazalwana, kunye nabathengi zabo. Kodwa ngo 1416, xa kwingoma elahlekile Limburg, yena wasala engagqitywanga, kodwa miniatures alishumi inkosi kwafuneka ukuba babhale ze bachaze iitalente zabo, yaye zonke iimpawu uhlobo.

inguqu qualitative

Kamva, kwi 30 kwinkulungwane XV, ekupeyinteni waye ahlanganiswe uhlobo entsha, kamva kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kuzo zonke zobugcisa. EFlanders, oko yasungulwa ngepeyinti oyile. oli yemifuno, admixed kunye dyestuffs, wanika iimpawu ezintsha kuqulunqo. Ezi imibala okukhulu ngakumbi uvakale. Kwakhona, akukho mfuneko mandikhawulezise, kunye ukubhalwa imifanekiso usebenzisa tempera: okunentsingiselo owomileyo kakhulu isiseko sac yayo ngokukhawuleza. Ke kaloku lo ngumzobi unako ukusebenza ngcembe, ukunikela ingqalelo ngenxa zonke iinkcukacha. Iimaleko imivimbo ukwenzakaliswa ngaphezulu kwenye nenye, bafumana amathuba olungaziwayo imidlalo umbala. Iipeyinti Oil, ngoko ukuvula i wizard i, kwihlabathi elitsha engaziwayo.

artist odumileyo

Owasungula le intsingiselo entsha kumzobo eFlanders uthathwa uRobert Campin. Noko ke, impumelelo yakhe ithinzi ibingomnye wabalandeli, eyaziwa namhlanje phantse nabani na onomdla kubugcisa obubonwayo. Yaba Jan van Eyck. udumo Ngamanye amaxesha 'umnqwazi iipeyinti yeoli kuye. Kungenzeka, i-Jan van Eyck lugqibelele iteknoloji sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye waqalisa ngempumelelo ukuzisebenzisa. Oko bekwenza ngemizobo yakhe iipeyinti oyile zaye zasasazeka kakhulu kwinkulungwane XV wayitwabulula ngaphaya eFlanders - eJamani, France uze emva koko eItali.

Jan van Eyck yaba portraitist olukhulu. Paint ku canvases yakhe ukudala umdlalo ukukhanya nasethunzini, mbeko abaninzi ababengaphambi kwakhe ukugqithiswa leyinene. Phakathi imisebenzi edume "Madonna of Chancellor Rolin" lo womzobi, "The Arnolfini Umfanekiso". Ukuba jonga kwi wokugqibela, kucacile ukuba nobuchule anjalo Jan van Eyck. Ziziphi ezinye kagqirha ngocoselelo kuphela libe zizibaya zempahla yokunxiba! Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi ongundoqo inkosi - "eGhent Altarpiece", eziquka imifanekiso 24 yaye emele iziqwenga ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini.

Jan van Eyck ukufanele ngokuba ummeli uninzi zokuqala Renaissance, ngaphezu kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha. isikolo Flemish iyonke sele uhlobo kwisigaba esiphakathi, nokuqhubekeka ubhalo leyo yaba ubugcisa le Renaissance.

Painting of the Ages Aphakathi, wachaza ngokufutshane kweli nqaku, kuyinto enkulu kunye nexesha, kwaye isenzeko ibalulekileyo yenkcubeko. Evukile ngokumema, kodwa iinkumbulo wefilosofi yobukhulu kudala ukuya ezifunyaniswe entsha Renaissance, waziseza ihlabathi omninzi, ubukhulu becala akathethi malunga nokusekwa womzobo, kodwa malunga benxanelwe ingqondo yomntu nokuqonda yayo endaweni yayo iphela kunye nolwalamano kunye nendalo. ukuba bakuqonde ngokudibana ingqondo nomzimba, iyintsobi Renaissance, ukubaluleka imigaqo humanistic kunye ukubuyela izinqumo ezisisiseko zamaGrike namaRoma emihle akayi ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ngokuphonononga era eyandulela kuyo. Zivela kwi ngamaXesha Aphakathi nendima amanakani isikali yomntu kwindalo iphela, yahluke gqitha ukusuka umfanekiso eqhelekileyo izinambuzane, ogama Isiphelo ngokupheleleyo nkqi uthixo okhohlakeleyo.