Yintoni na emanzini olwandle: ipesenti ngoobani kunye nobuninzi

Ulwandle lugubungela amaninzi Earth emhlabeni. Kodwa yintoni esiyaziyo ngaye? Yintoni amanzi olwandle? Yintoni zimpahla ebonakalayo? Le Amanzi olwandle yahlukile ukusela? Kwaye ukuba wenze njani omnye komnye? Siza kuzama ukuphendula yonke imibuzo nayo.

netyuwa nje amanzi?

Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba incasa elwandle, nabo abo bangazazanga, uqikelelo. Kuyinto enetyuwa. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo unako ukudala ulwandle izindlu, nje ngokuxuba ityuwa namanzi? Le nto kakhulu ntiyiso. Inani amanzi eziqhelekileyo ulwandle 96,5%. I-3.5% - le ukungcola. ukwakhiwa kwawo ngqo wafumanisa kuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19, ebudeni kohambo wokuhlola. Kodwa kudala ngaphambi kokuba izazinzulu wayesazi ukuba ubumdaka ukwenza amanzi amtyuba ezinjalo, kodwa itheyibhile ityuwa zesiqhelo. Enyanisweni ichithwe elwandle zonke izinto zonke ngamaxesha kwenkqubo Mendeleev. phambi kwabo ezincinane, kodwa emsulwa.

Xa hambo inye, 77 amanzi Iisampulu basiwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwezilwandle. Emva koko kwenziwa wafumanisa: nangona isixa esikhulu amanzi olwandle phezu komhlaba, ipesenteji ion ezinkulu kulo isoloko efanayo. Ntoni le nto, sichaza ngezantsi. Kwangaxeshanye sifumanisa oko emanzini olwandle.

Le ukuqinisela ye nokwakheka ityuwa

Yaba lo ezifunyenweyo, okwabizwa ngokuba umthetho Dietmar, oko kwenziwe uhambo zehlabathi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Wemithi, ogama wanikwa lo mthetho, ndafumanisa ukuba umyinge wamanzi ulwandle phantse isoloko ion eziphambili kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Isabelo kwezinye izinto ezincinane kangangokuba akuyomfuneko kwaye ngqalelo xa esenza izifundo azii-imichiza ezahlukeneyo.

Enkulu ion m. E. iikhompawundi xa kukho imali engaphezu kwe-0,01%, kubumba ubunzima ityiwa. Bona ikakhulu kuchaphazela iimpawu zomzimba imichiza olwandle. Inani labo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Kodwa xiyimiso ityiwa uwonke olwandle, lingana 35,16 ‰, ubumdaka ubunzima abe intsingiselo ecacileyo inikwe kule theyibhilie ingezantsi. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni na olwandle.

Njengoko sibona, inxalenye enkulu yenziwa kloride. Ngenxa yokuzinga ubume ityuwa ngokusekelwe kwezi data kusenokwenzeka ukuba amisele ukwakhiwa ngokupheleleyo emanzini olwandle iisampuli. Ngenxa yale chlorine njongo yoxinaniso ubalwa, kwaye zisekelwe phezu data ezifunyenwe Relations, ukuba zingaphi izinto ezishiyekileyo.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Njengazo naziphi na ezinye izinto, olwandle uneempawu ezahlukeneyo izazinzulu bafunda kuphando. Ezi data ukunika ingcinga yokuba iinkqubo ezininzi ezenzeka kubunzulu kwaye nefuthe emhlabeni wethu. Umzekelo, asinguye wonk 'umntu uyazi ukuba amanzi uyakwazi ukuzilawula. Phantsi yengcinezelo evela ubunzima osebenza kuyo phezulu, oko ungatshintsha umthamo.

Phezu kwamanzi, kuza engabonakaliyo, kodwa, esizaziyo nzulu ngakumbi uba lo msebenzi. Phantsi xi amakhulu umoya le compressibility ufikelela isikali enkulu kangangoko. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba bekungekho ngenxa yale propati amanzi, inqanaba kolwandle ibiya kuba ngaphezulu nangu-30. Kulo mzekelo, phezu komhlaba ebeya eyahlukileyo kakhulu.

ophelelwe

Sele wafumanisa ukuba ityuwa kangakanani na olwandle, yaye siyazi ukuba imali kwayo phantse ingatshintshanga. Noko ke, loo iyahluka kancinci - ukususela 33 ukuya 37 ‰, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezimbalwa. Ixabiso avareji ngu 34,72 ‰. Le rate ixhomekeke kubungakanani imvula kwingingqi elinikiweyo, ubushushu umoya kuchaphazela ubunzulu ngumphunga, kwaye isixa amanzi acocekileyo, ezinxulumene ngqo elwandle.

Le pesenti iphezulu lumtyuba ebhalwe Atlantic Ocean. I-avareji kumntla ka-35,06 ‰. Ixabiso incinane bobabo i-Pacific Ocean. Noko ke, kukho amachibi apho etyuwa lwalulude kakhulu ngaphezu amaxabiso avareji. Ezi ziquka i lweMeditera kuLwandle Olubomvu. lobushushu eliphezulu, ubunzulu eliphezulu abe ngumphunga kunye encinci imvula bavuselwa kwinqanaba kwirekhodi lumtyuba 38-42 ‰. Ngokubanzi, ukwakhiwa kwamanzi olwandle oLwandle Omnyama kunye nabanye abaninzi malunga efanayo. Mhlawumbi, isibakala ukuba bonke zihlobene.

Abanye bathi ukuba amanzi olwandle iqulethe 5 ‰ ityuwa. Kodwa eli nani kunqabile kakhulu, kuphela amachibi kwezimbiwa. Umzekelo, kwinqanaba Azov ulwandle etyuwa - 11 ‰, Black - 18 ‰, Red - 41 ‰, kwaye Dead - 300 ‰.

lobushushu

Bekuya kuba siyazikhohlisa ukukholelwa ukuba eli nani okufanayo amanzi yonke marine ehlabathini. Iqondo lobushushu lomoya imimandla kufutshane izibonda, uvikivwa ukuya kumanqanaba ubuncinane. Akwi-ikhweyitha, phezu koko, kusoloko kukho imozulu ozinzileyo kushushu. Kodwa ke uluhlu lotshintsho kwamaqondo amanzi asezantsi kakhulu, oko isusela ukusuka -2 ukuya ku-30 ° ^C. I-avareji kuyo elwandle kuphela 3,73 ° ^C. Ngaphezu koko, xa amanzi izihlandlo eziliqela kunomzimba ubunzulu 2-5 amawaka. m.

Kungabangela abanye ukudideka yi kukuba lobushushu kwamanzi olwandle kwezinye iingingqi uvikivwa ku -2 ° ^C. Bonke siyazi ukuba ⁰ ° C H ₂ Owu engumkhenkce. Ngako oko, kodwa ke amanzi ulwandle, njengoko sele sibonile, iquka ubumdaka ukuba ukutshintsha iimpawu zayo, yaye kubandakanywa qhwa asezantsi. Ukuba iphezulu ipesenti ophelelwe uphantsi izinga. Ngokomzekelo, xa imali elincinane ngokwentelekiso ityuwa emanzini (24,7 ‰) lobushushu neGauteng ilingana -1,33 ^° C

mninzi

Le utshintsho incinane kwesi salathisi kudala intshukumo amanzi kunye kukhokelela inkangeleko yokumpompoza nkqo nkqo. Kungenxa yoko le nto lexinene kwamanzi olwandle uyafunda naluphi na uphando zaselwandle. It akalwa kg / m ³ kwaye imele ubunzima nganye kwiyunithi umthamo.

Density ngamanzi amatsha ^kwi-4 ° C 1000 kg / ^m-3, kwaye ulwandle nge etyuwa ka 35 ‰, - 1027,81 kg / m ^3. Le nto umahluko ukusuka nezingcoliso enqila. Ityuwa ngaphezulu eziqulathwe emanzini olwandle, ayanda kwisalathiso mninzi. Ngokubanzi, ixabiso layo isusela ukususela 1025 ukuya 1033 kg / m ^3.

Ngaphezu koko, lexinene kwamanzi olwandle kuyahlukana kuxhomekeke kubunzulu ukusondela kumphezulu, ngoko ke ngezantsi. Kodwa ke kukho iimeko. Ngokomzekelo, xa ngamandla ngumphunga ezinxulumene amaqondo aphezulu phezu komhlaba ukunyuka ubutyuwa. Ngako oko, lexinene yolwandle kunye nomphezulu kwandisa.

chemical ukubunjwa

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, isixa ubumdaka emanzini ulwandle malunga efanayo. Kodwa yintoni uhlobo nto yenza ukuba yintoni na?

Kukholelwa ukuba umchiza nokwakheka mihla olwandle kwasekwa malunga 1 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Nalapho ke kwaba ngathi ezinetyuwa njengokuba kunjalo ngoku. Ngokukhethekileyo vekeleke ayimangalisi kubonakala R. Quinton, owathi ngo-1904 ibhengeze ukuba bezimbiwa nokwakhiwa kwamanzi olwandle, kwaye igazi buthi efanayo. Ngowe-1910, AB Mallun ukuqinisekisile oku uqikelelo. Ngokwembono yakhe, iseti imichiza emanzini olwandle kwixesha xa ezinqinileyo yokuqala kunye nentlanzi cartilaginous, ezifana egazini zonke izilwanyana. Kodwa kude kube ngoku, esi hypothesis zombini abaxhasi kunye nokuphikisa.

Ulwandle iqulethe ezininzi izinto, inani leyo inikwa ekhulwini kolu luhlu lulandelayo.

Olu luhlu inokuba nomahluko kancinane kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, inxalenye kuLwandle Black amanzi olwandle, okroqiweyo emanzini, njengoko iintsholongwane sulfate-ekunciphiseni ingakumbi esebenzayo.

Apho ityuwa kuvela?

Sele sibonile ukuba ukwakhiwa kwamanzi olwandle njengepesenti. Kodwa phi na zonke ezi izinto yaye kutheni ulwandle a incasa?

Enyanisweni, ityuwa eziqulathwe nje kuphela ngamanzi olwandle kodwa kumanzi acocekileyo. Kuphela lwee- izimbiwa, kukho kangangokuba kukuba lithe ingqalelo ngaphandle uhlalutyo okhethekileyo. River wahlamba lula kwindlela yakho ityuwa kamva ukuba kweyela elwandle. Phantsi yempembelelo iqondo lobushushu osha kwamanzi olwandle kunye neetyuwa aseleyo kule ndawo.

Kodwa ukuba inkqubo enjalo ezihlala iminyaka emininzi, amanzi olwandle ngeke ityuwa ngokwaneleyo. Ukufumana emhlabeni wabeka umsebenzi mlilo olwenzeka kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Daka kokushiya umphezulu, oko luxutywe namanzi kwaye enyakamisa kunye ezahlukeneyo izinto kwizimbiwa. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukwakhiwa eekhemikhali iilwandle kwasekwa malunga lezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo xa umsebenzi mlilo kakhulu esebenzayo.

Ngaba I kuyisela na?

Inyaniso, iincwadi okanye movie siyibonile Kuluvo ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba usele amanzi olwandle na kunjalo? Kodwa kutheni? Yeyona amanzi enye, njengayo nayiphi enye, kuphela imali encinci ukungcola. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yabo oko undrinkable.

Isixa yetyuwa enkulu kangaka olwandle ukuba kubulawe yabo ivela emzimbeni kuya kufuneka izihlandlo ezininzi ezinkulu kuno H ₂ Owu, siphele kunokuba ekuqaleni. Kungenxa yoko le nto emva ukudla anetyuwa wawomile. Kwaye emanzini olwandle, njengoko sele sibonile, ubutyuwa umlinganiselo 35 ‰. Nantso lukhulu.

Ngo-1950, ugqirha part-mhambi Alain Bambara icikidwa ngamava, oko kunokuba ukunxila kangangeveki amanzi olwandle ngaphandle nawuphi na umonakalo empilweni. Kodwa khangela phezu kwayo le ngxelo angafanele ngayo.

Kodwa wonke amanzi elwandle walonakalisa ngokupheleleyo ayikwazi kusetyenziselwa ukusela? Mhlawumbi, kodwa kuphela emva kokuba inkqubo kwetyuwa emanzini.

Indlela ukuba balahle wetyuwa?

Siye safumanisa oko emanzini olwandle. Kodwa ukuze iba efanelekileyo ukusela, isixa ubumdaka kulo kufuneka kuncitshiswa phantse 70 amaxesha. Kodwa njani ukuphumeza le umphumo?

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ityuwa emanzini: .., Ion Exchange, neyanamhlanje, electrodialysis, njl esebenza kakhulu abo ezifuna ezi iindleko ubuncinane amandla kunye nezemali. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo neyanamhlanje, kodwa akukho kucocwa ethandwayo ngaphantsi kunye umva. Kulo mzekelo, i wokucoca amanzi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Isiphumo - Iilitha ezingama-16 000 ngenxa nje $ 1.

indlela Electrodialysis, njengokuba igama lixela, ikhutshwa phandle esebenzisa electrode. Ngelo xesha inrush iyatshi- zangoku kunye anions, esixoxe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, badla ngokulandelelana ukuya cathode kunye anode ngokusebenzisa inwebu okhethekileyo. Amanzi phakathi electrode ngcembe desalted.

Iinzuzo amanzi olwandle

Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu abaphethwe zizifo zamaphaphu, zithunyelwa kwi iholide ukuya elunxwemeni. Unyanisile, ngokuba amanzi olwandle nefuthe kuyingenelo phezu imiphunga, bronchi kunye nemisipha. Mineral-rich disinfects ulwelo alitshabalalise kwamagciwane. Yintoni enye luncedo na?

Ukuhlala e sezulu lwaselwandle kunye ageza ndifuze abe phezu isiphumo tonic umzimba womntu, ngokunjalo nokuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo yonyango. Isiphumo - an nezifo ukwanda.

Equlethwe olwandle bromo, iodo calcium negalelo ekomelezeni wayesebenzisa zamazinyo neentsini ngexesha ngamanzi. Ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezintle, qala umlomo wakho kufuneka ube izihlandlo eziliqela ngeveki imizuzu 2-3. Kakade ke, kuba ezi njongo amanzi olwandle efanelekileyo kuphela ngokukodwa nyulu, leyo ingafunyanwa kwi ekhemesti. Phambi ukusetyenziswa, kufuneka yothani ukuba lobushushu egumbini.

amanzi oLwandle yinto magciwane elungileyo. Ukhuthaza zokunyanga amanxeba ezincinane abrasions, kunciphisa ukurhawuzelela evela impovane.