Iikhompawundi Heterocyclic: nokuhlelwa kunye nokubekwa

umchiza Heterocyclic Kwiklasi iikhompawundi ring zomgquba kwimijikelo leyo, ukongeza athom carbon, iqulathe athom ngaphezulu kwezinye izinto imichiza, ekuthiwa-heteroatoms (heteros Greek - - enye, yesibini.): oksijini (umz, furan kunye pyran), nitrogen (pyrrole kunye pyridine ), nesulfure (thiophene tiofenaldegid, thiopyran, thiazole), selenium (selenophene) njl

Le heterocycles lisekwa athom ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu yekhabhoni heteroatoms. Ngokutsho kwithiyori Bayer kaThixo heterocycles enganyangekiyo kubakho kuphela kwezo meko xa valencies ukwahluka athom kusekwe amakhonkco lawo, i-engile lincinane 109 ° 28 '. Umzekelo, ezi zinto ezininzi ezingazinzanga heterocyclic ezi heterocycles ne-term ezintathu, apho kukho khona molekyuli inkulu loo ukutenxa - 24 ° 44 '(ethylene oxide, Tioxide ethylene kunye ethyleneimine).

Heterocycles ezisasazwa kwindalo. Ezi ziquka acid (tryptophan, carnosine, histidine), imino-asidi (proline kunye hydroxyproline), i purine (adenine kunye guanine) kunye pyrimidine (thymine, uracil kunye cytosine) neenqwelwana, kweziyobisi impilo obalulekileyo ephilayo (heme, hemin, ngokuba yiklorofili), sezakhi ( caffeine kunye atropine), antibiotics (penicillin, gramicidin C, streptomycin), amayeza (norsulfazol kunye caffeine), sulfonamides (norsulfazol, streptocid), izinyibilikisi engumgquba (pyridine), iikhabhohayidrethi, nucleic, iiprotheni, iihomoni, iivithamini, nezinye ezininzi izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Ucalulo Imichiza

Ulwahlulo isekelwe phezu isakhiwo heterocycles e molecule walo athom carbon ukuba yesondo a heteroatom (hetero) kunye atom hydrogen. Heterocycles nezakhi zawo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela kuxhomekeka kwinani athom ezenza lo msesane (emithathu, iPIN, emihlanu, ezintandathu-membered, njalo njalo). Kwiqela ngalinye kukho sub-amaqela kunye athom omnye, ababini okanye abathathu hetero.

iikhompawundi Heterocyclic kwiimeko ezininzi ekuthethwa ngawo nokuhlelwa zembali (pyridine, pyrrole, acridine). Ukususela amagama zembali wabumba amagama nezakhi zabo (pyridine-4-carboxylic acid methylpyridine). Ukuze ubonise isikhundla substituent inani atom heterocycles. Ababaliweyo ikhutshwa phandle athom hetero okanye ukubonisa oonobumba zamaGrike be-alfabhethi, ukuqala ekufuphi atom carbon kunye heteroatom - alpha, beta, wesigrike, njl

iikhompawundi Getorotsiklicheskie: nokuhlelwa

Xa ebala of iikhompawundi heterocyclic ngokutsho IUPAC nokuhlelwa ekuthini inani athom kwi heterocycle, isakhiwo sayo, ukubekwa substituents kunye nezinye iimpawu (umz, furfural unalo igama inkqubo furan-2-carbaldehyde). Amagama iikhompawundi heterocyclic eboniswe kwiinkqubo incazelo ngamalungiselelo abo, iimpawu kunye nemilinganiselo.

Kuba heterocycles ziquka oxides (umz, ethylene oxide), anhydrides ye asidi dibasic ifumile carboxylic, njl Uzinzo lwe heterocycles ingqalelo ngaphambili kuxhomekeke kwinani athom kwekhabhoni heterocycle molecule heteroatoms nendawo yayo kwi heterocycle. I ukumelana ubuncinane ezi iikhompawundi heterocyclic eziquka kwimijikelo abathathu okanye abane, ezidiliziweyo lula kwaye babe iikhompawundi acyclic. Kukho ezininzi iikhompawundi heterocyclic, iimolekyuli kuxhotyiwe, ziqale oluzinzileyo efanayo benzenovogo ezingundoqo. Zezona element ephambili noshowo abaninzi biosoedineny ibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini, amayeza kunye lwezilwanyana.

Chemistry of Heterocyclic iikhompawundi

Iipropati eekhemikhali kwi-membered ezintlanu (thiophene nezakhi zayo) heterocycles ngenxa phambi zabo yomoya pi-nkqubo elektroni kwemfuneko, nto leyo eyandisa aromaticity zabo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne benzene thiophene Lize ngokulula kufakwe electrophilic.