Glycol. feature

Glycol kukho izinto eziphilayo, ezo molekyuli apho eziqulathe radicals hydrocarbon eziqhotyoshelwe atom ioksijini. Irekhodi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: R'-O-R ", apho R" kunye R 'ezi radicals ezifanayo okanye ezahlukeneyo.

Glycol zithathwa avela ye-alkoholi. Ezi zinto kufuneka amagama ambaxa. Isebenzisa i radicals isihloko (enyukela ubunzima molekyuli) yaye, enyanisweni, igama elithi "umoya" (dimethyl kaEtere SN3OSN3, imethyl ethyl kaEtere S2N5OSN3 kwaye njalo njalo).

iikhompawundi macala R-O-R zifunyanwa emzimbeni intramolecular okanye utywala. Xa molecule omnye, apho unxibelelwano kwenzeka OH abana, kwaye enye - loo C-O. Le yokusabela zizakujongwa njengo endaweni nucleophilic HO-Iqela (kwenye molecule) Iqela RO (enye molecule).

Yezi compound R-O-R 'kwasekwa impefumlelwano alkoxide kunye galogenouglevodoroda.

Glycol (ngokungafaniyo alkoholi zabo isomeric) kufuneka lokunybilika nokubilisa asezantsi. Ihlangene amanzi phantse musa mix. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba glycol ezizo imixokelelwane hydrogen ngenxa yokungabikho kwi polar ndisezintanjeni yomoya O-H.

Khompawundi kangako esebenzayo. Zinelungelo ukukwazi ncinane ukuya impendulo ngaphezu alkoholi.

Glycol zidla zisetyenziswa kuphela ngenxa yekhono lazo ukunyibilikisa izinto ezininzi organic.

Ezi zinto zibalulekileyo zibandakanya izinto heterocyclic emuncu: dioxane kunye epoxide (ethylene oxide).

Eyokuqala kuphela olungileyo. Dioxane ke miscible zombini hydrocarbon kunye namanzi. Ngenxa yezi mpawu, le ezimbaxa ukwabizwa ngokuba 'ngamanzi organic ". Dioxane yityhefu, kodwa ingozi yayo enkulu imele dibenzoderivatives halogen.

esters neselulosi kweemveliso ngokufakelwa kwala hydrogen atom kumaqela hydroxyl of macromolecules neselulosi alkyl okanye asidi moieties. Le ezwi yenziwa ukuze libanike ezintsha iimpawu into, ingakumbi ukunyibilika kwaye thermoplasticity. Xa iintsalela acid endaweni kwasekwa ezintsonkothileyo, ngokuthi kufakwe kunye radicals alkyl - iikhompawundi ezilula.

Okokuqala zilungiswe kwinkqubo acylation kunye esterification - zakudibana neselulosi nee-asidi ezingaphiliyo organic, kloride zabo acid anhydrides. I omkhulu ukubaluleka ksatogenatam practical. Ezi zinto lungiselela zakudibana asidi ezingaphiliyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ekwenziweni imicu cellophane kunye viscose. Industrial ukubaluleka neselulosi nitrate. Zisetyenziswa ekuvelisweni lacquers, iifilim, msi umgubo.

Phakathi zithako ezifunyenwe awasabela kunye eziphilayo asidi, kushishino ngokubanzi acetates kwincindi. Zisetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni imicu zokwenziwa, iiplastiki kunye film.

Kukho kwakhona esters neselulosi mixed. Ukuba ibe iindidi acyl kunye alkyl substituents.

Iimpawu glycol neselulosi kuxhomekeke kuhlobo ngokugqibeleleyo. Ixabiso kwaye iqondo endaweni kunye polymerization.

Simple iikhompawundi ezisezantsi-athathe enyibilikayo izisombululo ialakalin zolwelo kunye namanzi. Oku kukuvumela ukusebenzisa kwabo njengoko thickeners kunye ekwenzeni kwi emulsions eolini, iphepha, elukiweyo, ukutya, amayeza kunye namanye amashishini. endaweni kakhulu esters (ezimbaxa kunye ezilula) ziyahambelana plasticizers. Zisetyenziswa ekwenziweni iiplastikhi kunye ipeyinti ezifunyenweyo.

Crown glycol ezi polyesters equlathe ioksijini ngakumbi atom ring. Nngokobuchwepheshe, bona zithathwa njengokuba iimveliso ethylene oxide tsiklooligomerizatsii. A impahla unique ezi zithako ukukwazi ukwakha izakhiwo kunye neetyuwa ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi kwealkali. Ezi izakhiwo kwakheka ngenxa intsebenziswano electrostatic.