Ukuqala Romanov ubukhosi. History of the Romanov ubukhosi

Romanovs ubukhosi kabani imbali lisukela emva kwinkulungwane yeshumi, ababeze nje avela amanene endala. Kodwa emva komtshato waqukumbela phakathi Ivanom Groznym kunye ummeli Romanov - Anastasiey Zaharinoy, baba kufutshane kwinkundla yakomkhulu. Ngemva ubuhlobo kunye eMoscow Ruric etroneni baqala ukusebenzisa ngokwabo Romanovs.

History of the abalawuli Russian ubukhosi yaqala emva ukubusa lizwe waba wonyulwa grandnephew yomfazi Ivana Groznogo - uMikhail Fedorovich. nenzala yakhe bema intloko Russia de Oktobha 1917.

prehistory

Ngukhokho kwiintsapho ezithile amanene, kuquka Romanovs, ebizwa Andrei Ivanovich imazi yehashe, uyise, njengoko oko kungqinwa irekhodi Divonovich ndlala-Kamba, wafumana elubhaptizweni igama Ivan, wabonakala eRashiya kule minyaka ilishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Weza e Lithuania.

Ngaphandle koku, kwenqanaba elithile mbali lubonisa ukuba, ekuqalekeni Romanov ubukhosi (ngokufutshane - iNdlu Romanov) livela Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich wazala oonyana abaninzi emihlanu. Baye ngokuba uSimon yehashe Alexander umthi, Vasily Ivantay kunye Gabriel Gavsha kunye Fedor Cat. Baba izinyanya zezindlu amanene ezininzi njengoko elinesixhenxe eRashiya. In kwedolo yokuqala Andrei Ivanovich noonyana bakhe emine yokuqala elithi Kobylin, Fedor Andreevich kunye nonyana wakhe Ivan - Koshkin, unyana ka yokugqibela - UZachary - Koshkin-Zakhar'in.

Ukuvela iifani

kungekudala Inzala bazitshitshisela inxalenye yokuqala - Cat. Kwaye ixesha baqalisa ukuba babhale kuphela phantsi igama Zakharins. Ukususela kwedolo lesithandathu noko Kongezelelwa esinye isiqingatha - Yuriev.

Ngako oko, inzala uPetros Vasiliya Yakovlevichey elithi Yakovlev, Romana - okolnichy neerhuluneli - Zakharins-Romanov. Oku noonyana yokugqibela kwaye Sivela Romanov ubukhosi odumileyo. Ngexesha lokulawula olu hlobo yaqala 1613th.

amakhosi

Romanov ubukhosi wakwazi ukwakha etroneni yobukumkani abameli ezintlanu. Eyokuqala kwezi yaba enkulu-umtshana ka Anastasia - umfazi Ivana Groznogo. UMikhail Fedorovich - inkosi yokuqala Romanov ubukhosi, xenikweni wavukayo ukuya etroneni Zemsky Sobor. Kodwa ekubeni mncinane, uthambile; okunene walawula ilizwe bayou uMarta nezalamane. Emva kwakhe, ookumkani indlu Romanov ambalwa. Yinto unyana wakhe uThemba kunye nabazukulwana abathathu - Fyodor, Ivan V noPetros I. Yaba zokugqibela ngo-1721, kunyaka ophele nge Romanov Minor.

ababusi

Xa uPetros A. weza etroneni, kuba uhlobo yaqala ixesha eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. I Romanovs, ogama imbali njengoko amakhosi ubukhosi yaqala ngo-1721-m, wanika abalawuli Russian elinesithathu. Kwezi, abathathu kuphela egazini.

Emva uPeter Omkhulu - umlawuli yokuqala yeNdlu Romanov - njengoko itrone ukumkanikazi yedwa sifo ngumfazi wakhe osemthethweni uCatherine I, imvelaphi yayo nangoku ngokushushu izazi mbali akhokele. Emva kokufa kwakhe, amandla wadlulela nomzukulwana wakhe uPetros I ngomtshato wakhe wokuqala - Peter II.

Ngenxa sokulwa oliqhophololo yolandelelwano komgca uyisemkhulu wakhe yavalwa. Kwaye emva kombuso kunye ngezomkhosi banikwa umzalwana intombi enkulu loMlawuli Petra Velikogo - Ivan V, kanti emva uAnny Ioannovny enyukele etroneni Russian ngunyana wakhe iNkosana Brunswick. igama lakhe yayinguYohane VI Antonovich. Waba ummeli kuphela Mecklenburg-Romanov, yazeka kwetrone. It wabhukuqa umakazi wakhe - "Ntombi Petrov" uKumkanikazi Elizabeth. Yena ke kwabangazekanga nabangendanga, engenabantwana. Yiyo loo nto loo Romanov ubukhosi, netafile weBhodi leyo kakhulu umxhelo, ngokuhambelana oyindoda ngqo ibe phezu kwayo ngaphezulu.

Nolwazi kunye nembali

Ukuvuma kwetrone olu hlobo kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko zasemzini, engqongwe ukufa abaninzi bezinye iintlanga. Romanov ubukhosi, ogama abameli kuba ifoto kwi nayiphi incwadi yembali, inxulumene ngqo yeembali Russian. Imela ngaphandle ngokuba nothando yayo rhoqo. Kunye nabantu bezisebenzela wayengenamali, ngokucotha nokuphakamisa ilizwe ngaphandle yentlupheko kunye nobuhlwempu - iziphumo iimfazwe rhoqo, ukuba Romanovs. History of the ubukhosi Russian ngokoqobo ayegcwele iziganeko bamagazi iimfihlelo. Ngamnye ummeli wayo, nangona wawongwa izilangazelelo abemi, ngelo linye xesha zizakubalulwa inkohlakalo yakhe.

umlawuli wokuqala

Unyaka ekuqalekeni Romanov ubukhosi kwakunzima noko amnye ebantwini. Urhulumente ezingenamlawuli esemthethweni. Ikakhulu ngenxa igama elihle Anastasii Zaharinoy nomntakwabo nentsapho yakhe Nikita Romanov wayehlonitshwa bonke.

Russia utyiwa nempi Sweden nangokusebenzayo eyeka feuds zembujiswano kunye. Ekuqaleni February, unyaka 1613th kwi Grand yesicelo Palace, washiywa abahlaseli, kunye imfumba ukungcola kobutyobo, lwabhengezwa ukumkani yokuqala Romanov ubukhosi - inkosana mncinane, uthambile uMikhail Fedorovich. Kwaye kulo nyaka elinesithandathu ubudala ka uBhishophu Filaret kwaphawula Ekuqalekeni kobukumkani i Romanov ubukhosi. Waye njo iminyaka emashumi mathathu anambini, ukuba ngukumkani kwakhe.

Kwaba naye uqala i Romanov ubukhosi, itheyibhile wakuzalwa leyo ifundwa esikolweni. Ngowe-1645-m Michael wakhululana unyana wakhe Alex. Le yokugqibela kwakhona imithetho ixesha elide - ngaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. Emva kwakhe, ngokulandelelana wokulandelelana iye yanxulunyaniswa neengxaki ezithile.

Ukususela 1676 kwiminyaka yokuqala emithandathu kolawulo mzukulwana Russian Michael - Fedor, ogama emva kwakhe-mkhulu. Emva kokufa kwakhe, ubukumkani Romanov ubukhosi ufanelwe waqhubeka Peter I and Ivan V - nabazalwana bakhe. Yokuba phantse kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, wenza igunya mbini, nangona phantse zonke kulawulo belizwe bathabatha phezu kodade wabo Sophia, lowo badumele ukuba mfazi igunya-onothando. Ababhali-mbali basixelela ukuba itrone ekhethekileyo kabini, ukuba umngxuma-odolwe ukufihla le meko. Kwaye ke ngaye ngelithi Nozipho wabanika imiyalelo bakhe nabazalwana.

Pet Veliky

Kwaye nangona ekuqaleni kobukumkani i Romanov ubukhosi lu dityanisiwe igama uMikhail Fedorovich, i ubuncinane enye abameli balo bazi phantse yonke into. lo ngubani na kuba nebhongo kwaye yonke nabantu Russian, ngokwabo Romanovs indoda. History of the abalawuli Russian ubukhosi, imbali yabantu Russian nembali Russia wakhe zinenjongo ukwadityaniswe igama Petra Velikogo - ngumseki kunye nenjengele yomkhosi rhoqo kunye ngesinqanawa eso, yaye jikelele - indoda iimbono inkqubela kakhulu ebomini.

Ngokuzinikela, umyolelo eyomeleleyo kunye umthamo omkhulu umsebenzi, uPetros mna, njengoko, eneneni, kwaye bonke, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezimbalwa, i Romanov ubukhosi, nto leyo eye ifoto abameli zonke iincwadi zembali, ubomi wafunda lukhulu. Kodwa ingqalelo eyodwa yomkhosi oomatiloshe. Ebudeni uhambo lokuqala aphesheya kwiminyaka 1697-1698, uPetros wathabatha ikhosi Sciences zokudubula e Königsberg, ngoko kwisiqingatha sonyaka ukusebenzela shipyards Amsterdam wayengumchweli elula, wafunda ingcamango imikhumbi eNgilani.

Akuzange kube nje ubuntu ongasoze ulityalwe ngexesha lakhe, wakwazi ukuba neqhayiya le Romanovs: imbali ubukhosi Russian wayengazi umntu okrelekrele ngakumbi yaye ba- nxanelwe ulwazi. Yonke into ngaye, ngokutsho bexesha lakhe, wangqina oku.

UPetros wayesoloko ezinomdla yonke into ngandlel kuchaphazeleka izicwangciso zakhe; yaye inxalenye ulawulo okanye urhwebo, kunye nemfundo. yakulo yasasazwa ukuba phantse bonke. Akazange bangawutyesheli nokuba neenkcukacha ezincinane, ukuba kamva kungaba yinto luncedo.

Umcimbi yobomi Petra Romanova yaba ukunyuka karhulumente kunye nokomelezwa bamandla ayo emkhosini. Yaba nguye owaba ngunozala yomkhosi rhoqo kunye waselwandle, nokuqhubeka iinguqulelo kayise - Alexei Mikhailovich.

inguqu State of wolawulo kaPetros wajika eRashiya zibe kwimeko enamandla, ezifumene amazibuko, uphuhliso kurhwebo lwangaphandle, kunye nolawulo elungileyo zolawulo.

Kwaye nangona ekuqaleni kobukumkani i Romanov ubukhosi kungekabekwa phantse emithandathu iminyaka phambi kokuba nayiphi na abameli balo akwazi ukufezekisa oko wenza Pet Veliky. Akazange ukuzakhela njenge ngonozakuzaku omkhulu, kodwa wadala anti-Swedish Northern Alliance. Kwimbali igama soMhlekazi yokuqala wacofa nqanaba ephambili yophuhliso Russia kunye kokuhluma kwayo amandla amakhulu.

Ngelo xesha uPetros wayeyindoda nzima kunene. Xa ndandineminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe wathabatha amandla, kuba akazange asilele ukufihla udade wabo Nozipho looNongendi kude. Enye abameli edume kakhulu kwi Romanov ubukhosi, uPetros, owaziwa ngokuba Enkulu, wayesaziwa ngokwaneleyo namfesane koMlawuli, naye oye ichazwa usukelo - ukuba ulungise ilizwe layo malotsivilizovannoy ngendlela Koloni.

Noko ke, nangona ezi zimvo ngcembe, yena ingqalelo enguzwilakhe ngabom, abaliqela umdlalo ngenxa ezihlangwini esikhohlakeleyo - Ivanu Groznomu, umyeni wakhe ukhokho Anastasia Romanova.

Abanye abaphandi ukwala ukubaluleka ukwanda uPetros reorganizations kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo jikelele we umlawuli ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe. UPetros, bakholelwa, waba ungxamile ukufezekisa iinjongo zabo, ashukunyiswe ndlela imfutshane, esebenzisa maxa wambi nkqu iindlela kubonakala angenzi. Nantsi ke imbangi yokuba emva kokufa kwakhe lingekabi lilixa layo, Russian uBukhosi ngokukhawuleza ibuyiselwe embusweni apho wenguquko uPyotr Romanov wazama ukusirhoxisa.

Akunakwenzeka kwelinye bawa bawathathe ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo abantu bakhe, ukuba ukwakha ikomkhulu alifumeneyo, izinduna achebe iindevu yamrholela sbiralsya kwi zobupolitika.

Noko ke, umgaqo-nkqubo Romanovs, yaye ngokukodwa, kuphuculo lolawulo, owazise uPetros kuthethe iqashiso libe lelika-lizwe.

yesebe entsha

Emva ngokutshata Anne (Intombi yesibini kaPetros Omkhulu noCatherine), umtshana yokumkani Swedish ekhutshelwe kwasekuqaleni Romanov ubukhosi, nto leyo eneneni wajika waba uhlobo Holstein-Gottorp. Ngelo xesha, ngokutsho isivumelwano, unyana owazalwa lo mtshato, yaye baba uPetros III, kusekho ilungu lendlu yokumkani.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwale mithetho kwababhalelwe emilibeni yokuzalwa, inzala komlawuli yaziwa ngokuba Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, kubonakala kuphela idyasi neentsapho zabo iingalo, kodwa kwi iingalo Russia. Ukususela ngelo xesha, kwetrone wapasiswa kumgca othe tye, ngaphandle ilenze. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yomthetho ekhutshwe nguPawulos. Yathi zoludwe kumgca othe ngqo yabantu.

Emva kokuba lizwe yayilawulwa Paul Alexander I - unyana wakhe omkhulu, lowo engenabantwana. A yesibini ngenzala yakhe - Duke uKonstantin Pavlovich - asiyeke ukuba, enyanisweni, yaba yenye yezinto ezibangela kwimvukelo Decembrist. Lo mlawuli elandelayo unyana wakhe sesithathu - uNicholas I. Ngokubanzi, ukususela ngexesha uCatherine Omkhulu, zonke iindlalifa ukuba kwetrone baqalisa ukunxiba isihloko Crown Prince.

Emva Nicholas I, itrone wegqitha waya unyana wakhe omdala - Alexander II. Xa eneminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich wabulawa sephepha. Ngoko ke, lo nganeno kwakhe nguAmasiya unyana wesibini - uMlawuli Alexander III, lowo wakhululana unyana wakhe omdala kunye irhuluneli yokugqibela Russian - uNicholas II. Ngoko ke, lo mzuzu xa, ubukhosi Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp kweli sebe kwenzeka ezisibhozo ukubala umlawuli kunye Catherine Omkhulu.

ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

Kwinkulungwane XIX indlu yakomkhulu landiswa kakhulu ndakumandisa. imithetho ekhethekile elawula amalungelo noxanduva ngamnye amalungu entsapho ayede zithathwe. Ezazichazwa, kwaye imiba lobukho babo. Kwakukho bacule iwonga elitsha - kwanenganga igazi zabalawuli. Wayecinga inzala ezikude kakhulu yomphathi.

Ukususela ngelo xesha waqalisa Romanov ubukhosi kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesithoba Imperial House wayesele ifakiwe amasebe ezine umgca nemazi;

• Holstein-Gottorpovskaya;
• Leuchtenberg - ovela intombi Nicholas I, Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya ilifa Maria Nikolaevna, kunye iNkosana Leuchtenberg;
• Oldenburg - bomtshato wakhe intombi loMlawuli Paul Duke of Oldenburg;
• Mecklenburg - ezivela umtshato ka Princess Catherine Mikhailovna kunye INkosana Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Revolution kunye Imperial House

Ekubeni xa ekuqaleni Romanov ubukhosi, ibali kule mizalwane ineento ngokupheleleyo ukufa kwegazi. Akukho nto wokugqibela usapho - uNicholas II - ngelika Igazi. Ndimele ndithi ukuba umlawuli ngokwakhe ngaxeshanye ayahlukanga nephuku.

Ulawulo kumkani yokugqibela Russian yabalasela ukukhula koqoqosho olukhawulezayo kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha baseRashiya kubekho ukwanda ephikisanayo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekuqaleni mbuso, yaye ngenxa yoko - to wombhodamo ka-1905-1907, yaye emva koko kwi-Februwari Revolution.

umlawuli Russian ukumkani iPoland Grand Duke of Finland - yokugqibela Russian Tsar of the Romanov ubukhosi - yenyuka 1894 ukuya etroneni. ababephila Nicholas II echazwe sithambile kwaye nabafundileyo, ungumgcini ngokunyanisekileyo kweli lizwe, kodwa kwangaxeshanye indoda ilukhuni.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, Nantsi ke imbangi yokuba inkcaso ezingisayo icebiso ngamagosa anamava kwimicimbi yolawulo, enyanisweni, kwakhokelela mposiso eziyingozi kwi-nkqubo Romanov. uthando Akumangalisi azinikele ukumkani umfazi wakhe, nto leyo kwezinye amaxwebhu zembali kubizwa nangokuba ngengqondo esingangqinelaniyo ethile, ukuba ngodaka yentsapho yasebukhosini. Igunya lakhe sele posited njengoko kuphela oyinyaniso.

Oku kungenxa yokuba umfazi soMhlekazi lokugqibela Russian waba eziliqela nokutsho iinkalo ezininzi kulawulo. Noko ke, akazange ndiphoswe ithuba elilodwa ukuba uthathe ithuba, ngoxa abantu abaninzi akwizikhundla eziphezulu ukho akukho ndlela evuna. Inkoliso yabo ingqalelo yokugqibela olawulayo Romanov fatalist, ngoxa abanye linoluvo ukuba nje ngokupheleleyo akakukhathalele ukubandezeleka kwabantu abo.

End of wobukumkani

Blood 1917 wehlelwe lokugqibela ngamandla kuyahexa le nguzwilakhe. Yonke le nto yaqala kunye leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye kwawo yomgaqo-nkqubo ka-uNicholas II kweli xesha linzima iRashiya.

Abamelene entsapho Romanov bathi ngeli xesha lo kumkani lokugqibela yokuzithenga okanye wasilela ukuzalisekisa ngexesha ukusebenzisa iinguqu ezifunekayo zopolitiko nezentlalo. I-February Revolution Kwanyanzeleka umlawuli wokugqibela nangoku ukuyekelela. Ngenxa yoko, uNicholas II kunye nentsapho yakhe yafakwa phantsi indlu ukubanjwa endlwini yothixo wakhe Tsarskoye Selo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba i Romanovs yagweba ngaphezu kokuba yesithandathu kulo mhlaba. Yaba self-ngokwaneleyo, ezizimeleyo kwaye igxininisa kakhulu yaseYurophu ubutyebi lizwe. Yaba ixesha olukhulu, nto leyo yaphela emva kokubulawa losapho lobukumkani, wokugqibela Romanovs: Nicholas II kunye Alexandra kunye nabantwana babo abahlanu. Kwathi kwigumbi elingaphantsi le ndlu Ipatiev e Yekaterinburg ngobusuku July 17, 1918.

Romanov namhlanje

Ngu ekuqaleni kuka-1917 Russian Imperial House of Representatives yayibandakanya amathandathu anesihlanu, amashumi amathathu anesibini ka ebeyinalo kwisiqingatha eyindoda. abantu elinesibhozo adutyulwa yi kwiBolsheviks kwixesha ukususela ngo-1918 ukuya kwiminyaka-1919. Kwathi e St. Petersburg, Alapaevsk kwaye, kakade, xa Yekaterinburg. abaseleyo Abantu amane anesixhenxe zibalekile. Ngenxa yoko, bazifumanisa elubhacweni, ingakumbi kwi-US kunye eFransi.

Phezu kwayo yonke loo nxalenye ebalulekileyo yalo ubukhosi uneminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, wayethembe ukuba kwawa kwamandla eSoviet kunye indlu yasebukhosini Russian. Xa ngoDisemba 1920 Olga K. - Grand Princess - baba ibamba of Greece, waqalisa ukuba kweli lizwe ngenxa iimbacu ezininzi ukusuka eRashiya, ababeza ukuba silinde nje ukubuyela ekhaya. Noko ke, oku akuzange kwenzeke.

Nangona kunjalo, i-House of Romanov ixesha elide baba ubunzima. Ngaphezu koko, ngo-1942, abameli ababini House wada wanikela itrone Montenegro. nokuba Kuye owadala umbutho, ebandakanya onke amalungu eziphilayo ubukhosi.