R & D ...

Inxaxheba yesayensi inkulu kakhulu kuluntu wanamhlanje kuba ikhetha ukuphuhliswa koluntu kunye nokufakwa kweziphumo zenkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobugcisa kwimiba yoqoqosho kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla yabantu. R & D, yintoni na? Oku kukudibanisa nobumba bokuqala bemiqathango yezoqoqosho. I-R & D isisigxina esiphathelene nophando lwezenzululwazi nomsebenzi wokuphuhlisa, kuqondwa njengesiqhelo semisebenzi ejoliswe ekuveleni kolwazi olutsha kunye nokusebenza kwazo ekuphuhliseni nasekudalweni kwitheknoloji entsha okanye umkhiqizo.

Inani elikhulu lemibutho eyahlukileyo linxulumene neR & D. Ezi ziinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophando kunye neziqephu zabo, izigaba zokuvavanya, ii-bureaus zokuyila kunye nemveliso yokuhlola.

I-R & D yinkalo yexabiso elijongene nezoqoqosho. Ukuphuhliswa kwayo, kufuna iimali ezininzi kunye nezixhobo eziphathekayo, kunye nekhwalithi ephakamileyo kakhulu yabasebenzi kwaye ngenxa yoko kukhula kakhulu kumelelwe kuphela kumazwe aphuhliswe kakhulu.

Kwi-Soviet Union kukho ingqalelo enkulu ekuhlawulweni komsebenzi wophando nophuhliso. Ngomnyaka we-90 wenkulungwane ye-20, abasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 basebenzululwazi basebenza kweli sebe. Ingaphezulu kwe-70% yentuthuko yesayensi kunye nophando kwiSoviet Union yenzeke kwiRussian Federation. Isayensi kwi-USSR ibandakanye amacandelo amathathu: icandelo, iyunivesithi kunye nezemfundo. Uninzi lwazo zonke, icandelo lezezimboni liye laphuhliswa, apho kwakuphinda khona uphando lwamajoni-shishino kunye namaziko okusebenzela amajelo.

Ukuxhaswa kwezenzululwazi kwixesha lamaSoviet lwenziwa ngokubanzi kubhajethi yelizwe, eyancitshiswa kakhulu kwiminyaka yee-1990, leyo eyakhokelela ekunciphiseni okuninzi kwimali yophando nophuhliso. Inani labaphandi baseRussia ngo-2002 lancinci ngaphezu kwamaxesha amabini ngokumalingana ne-1990, kwaye liba ngamawaka angama-420 abantu. Abasebenzi abaninzi bezenzululwazi batshintshe ukusebenza kwamanye amasebe "oshishino": iikredithi nemisebenzi yezemali, urhwebo, njl. Omnye umntu ovela kwiingcali ezigqwesileyo kakhulu washiya ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe.

Imibutho yophando kunye noyilo, eyayikuloo ndawo, yawela kwingxaki enzima kakhulu. Imfuneko yophando kunye nophuhliso kwintsimi kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni kwele nkulungwane, kukho ingqwalaselo enkulu yophando kunye nophuhliso eMoscow, kwingingqi yaseMoscow (i-50% yazo zonke iinkqubela) kunye neSt. Petersburg (i-10% yazo zonke iinkqubela).

I-R & D yaseRashiya okwangoku ihlangabezana namaxesha anzima-inani labasebenzi abaphanda uphando nophuhliso luyancipha. Nangona kunjalo, iRashiya iFrother Federation isabika isihlanu kwihlabathi ngokwemigangatho yabasebenzi abakwi-R & D kunye nenani labaphandi

I-R neD isakhiwo esinexabiso elifanelekileyo, kwaye urhulumente ngokubanzi uhlawula uphando lwezenzululwazi nophuhliso, ngoko ke ukuncitshiswa kwemali eyabelwe i-R & D ichazwe ngokulula - urhulumente "usindisa" kwisayensi. Kodwa "uqoqosho" olunjalo lukhokelela ekubuyiseleni kwelo lizwe kwezoqoqosho. Ngelishwa, ishishini langasese alixhunyiwe kwiinkxaso zophando lwezesayensi. Esinye isizathu sokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ekuchithweni kwe-R & D kukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali yempi, kubandakanywa uphando lwezempi kunye nokuphuhliswa, okwaba nenxalenye enkulu ye-R & D kwixesha lamaSoviet.

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje loqoqosho olukhulu ngaphandle kwenzululwazi efanelekileyo yasekhaya, eya kugxila ekuphuhlisweni kwayo okuphambili, ubuncinci kwezinye iindawo eziphambili, ayiyi kuba nempumelelo ekuphuhlisweni kwelizwe, kwaye ngoko i-Concept 2020 ithatha ukwanda kwenkcitho yophando nophuhliso ngo-2020 ukuya ku-3% .