Ngenxa yoko iChernobyl amandla enyukliya liqhuma, nini? Imiphumo iChernobyl dubulo

IChernobyl amandla enyukliya isityalo kubo. V. I. Lenina - Ukrainian NPP wayeka umsebenzi wayo ngokunxulumene kuqhuma Unit Inombolo 4. ukwakhiwa kwayo yaqala entwasahlobo ka-1970, yaye emva kweminyaka 7, wavalelwa ukusebenza. Ngo-1986, isikhululo yayiquka iibhloko ezine, leyo zagqitywa ezimbini ngaphezulu. Xa iChernobyl amandla enyukliya liqhuma, okanye mandithi, omnye zamandla, ayizange wayeka umsebenzi wayo. Okwangoku phantsi kokwakhiwa sarcophagus, eziya kugqitywa ngo-2015.

inkcazelo station

1970-1981 gg. - kweli xesha, iiyunithi ezintandathu, ezimbini nongakhange ixesha ukubaleka ukuya ku-1986 uzipholisa le turbines kunye kubananisi obushushu phakathi umlambo Pripyat kunye iChernobyl amandla enyukliya yakhiwa ugcwalisa ichibi lakhiwa.

Ngaphambi kwale ngozi, isikhululo samandla okuvelisa yaba 6,000 MW. Okwangoku, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ukuguqula iChernobyl mveliso samandla senyukliya i zokwakha ngokukhuselekileyo kwendalo.

Qala of zokwakha

Ukukhetha indawo zikulungele ukwakhiwa kwe enyukliya amandla Institute kuyilo ahlolwe ikomkhulu Ukrainian Kyïv, Zhytomyr kunye ummandla Vinnytsia. Le ndawo kakhulu oluhle indawo kwicala lasekunene kwi Pripyat River. Ilizwe apho laqala ngokukhawuleza isakhiwo balala emqokozweni, kodwa iimfuno ezenzelwe ulondolozo isityalo samandla senyukliya iyavumelana ngokupheleleyo. Le ndawo sele sivunyiwe nguRhulumente Technical Commission USSR kunye Ukrainian Ministry of Energy.

February 1970 kwaphawula ukuqala zolwakhiwo Pripyat. Le dolophu wadala ngqo kushishino yamandla. Inyaniso kukuba kwiminyaka yokuqala nabalindi zesikhululo kwafuneka ukuhlala zokulala kunye izindlu eziqeshiweyo kwiilali ezikufuphi ku Chernobyl. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi amalungu eentsapho zabo Pripyat, wakha ezahlukeneyo kwamashishini. Ngoko ke, kwiminyaka eli-16 zempilo esixeko yafakwa nayo yonke into efunekayo ukuze ubomi obutofotofo zabantu.

crash 1986

Night at 01:23 ngoAprili 26 1986 , oko kwaqaliswa iprojekthi uvavanyo turbogenerator 4th namandla, ngenxa yokuba oko liqhuma iChernobyl amandla enyukliya. Ngenxa yoko, esi sakhiwo, kwakukho imililo ngaphezu kwama-30. Amaxhoba okuqala V. Hodemchuk - nomsebenzisi iimpompo ejikeleza, kunye B. Shashenok - umsebenzi kwinkampani yokugunyaziswa le.

A ngomzuzu kamva, emva koko kwenzeka kwi eChernobyl Protection umsebenzi aziswe dubulo. Ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba isikhululo umlilo kufika. Ukuphelisa inkokeli sele lityunjiwe V. Pravik. Ezenzweni zakhe ngobuchule isima ukwanda komlilo.

Xa iChernobyl amandla enyukliya liqhuma, okusingqongileyo angcoliswe izinto radioactive ezifana:

- neplutoniyam, uranium, ayodini-131 (isiqingatha-ubomi ithatha malunga 8 Emva kweentsuku);

- atom-134 (isiqingatha-ubomi - kweminyaka emi-2);

- atom-137 (iminyaka eli-17 ukuya kwengama-30);

- kwiteksti-90 (engama-28).

yonke ngendlela eyoyikekayo ntlekele kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba abahlali Pripyat, eChernobyl, kwakunye eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union ixesha elide ifihliweyo, kutheni uqhuma eChernobyl amandla enyukliya yaye ngubani na ityala.

umthombo ingozi

NgoAprili 25, i-reactor 4 kwafuneka ukuba evalelwe phantsi yesondlo rhoqo, kodwa endaweni yoko wagqiba ukuqhuba uvavanyo. Kwakugcwele kwindalo imeko kaxakeka apho isikhululo ngokwayo beziza kuwasingatha ngayo le ngxaki i. Kwiimeko ezinjalo ngelo xesha kwakukho esele ezine, kodwa eli xesha kukho into engalunganga ...

Isizathu sokuqala siphambili kukuqhushumba iChernobyl amandla enyukliya - sengqondo ngokungakhathali kunye engekho mgaqweni abasebenzi eya eksperimenti yingozi. Abasebenzi inkxaso umthamo amandla ka-200 MW, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni self-ityhefu.

Njengoko ukuba akukho nto yenzekileyo, umsimelelo wabukela le ndawo, kunokuba angarhoxisa iintonga yolawulo evela emsebenzini kwaye nqakraza A3-5 - ngokubulala reactor olungxamisekileyo. Ngenxa yokungasebenzi kwi Unit Baqala chain reaction ongalawulekiyo, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba liqhuma eChernobyl isityalo samandla senyukliya.

Ngokuhlwa (malunga 20.00) kwi holo engundoqo kubekho umlilo kakhulu ngakumbi. Ukuze ukucima umlilo abantu ngeli xesha bangezi. nya lakhe ngoncedo-ntaka.

Kuba lonke ixesha, ngaphandle umlilo nezityalo kwabasebenzi, malunga 600 lamawaka. Abantu abathatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi yohlangulo.

Ngenxa yoko iChernobyl amandla enyukliya izityalo liqhuma? Kukho ezininzi izizathu ezibe negalelo koku:

- nokuhlola yayiza kubanjelwa naziphi na iindleko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwi ukuziphatha kwe reactor;

- emidala ukhuseleko zeteknoloji abasebenzi, nto leyo uzakujikelezisa amandla ndiqale ukuthintela iingozi;

- kusehla intlekele isikali ulawulo ukuvala umlomo izityalo, kwakunye nezizathu ngenxa apho iChernobyl mveliso zenyukliya.

imiphumela

Ngenxa yoko yokunqanda iziphumo ukusasazeka kwezinto radioactive ukusuka abacimi 134 kunye nabasebenzi isikhululo liphuhlise ukugula radiation, 28 kubo yafa ingaphelanga inyanga emva kwengozi.

Iimpawu lwemitha zaye ukugabha buthathaka. Okokuqala, lo uncedo lokuqala ezinikezelwa abasebenzi bezonyango sikhululo, yaye emva koko amaxhoba abantu abangeniswe kwizibhedlele eMoscow.

Xa iindleko ukuyihlangula ebomini ayengavunyelwa ukuba umlilo inguqu kwicandelo lesithathu. Ngenxa kule ukusasazeka lomlilo kwaphetshwa iibhloko ezikufuphi. Ukuba icima ayilo impumelelo, a dubulo yesibini ingagqitha umthamo zokuqala izihlandlo ezili-10!

Accident September 9, 1982

Kude kube yimini eziya liqhuma eChernobyl izityalo amandla enyukliya, sabhalwa kwimeko satshatyalaliswa Unit №1. Ngexesha uvavanyo run omnye zamandla e amandla 700 MW kwaqhambuka uhlobo dubulo kwendibano amafutha kunye ijelo № 62-44. Oku kwaphumela deformation le mfumba grafayithi kunye nokukhululwa izixa ezikhulu zezinto radioactive.

Echaza isizathu sokuba Chernobyl amandla enyukliya liqhuma 1982, oku kulandelayo:

- ephule abasebenzi ivenkile ekumiseleni lokuhamba kwamanzi imiphantsi;

- amasalela ntshikilelo lwangaphakathi phakathi kweendonga ijelo ityhubhu zirconium, obudalwa lutshintsho kwisityalo technology nto ezo nto.

URhulumente eSoviet Union, njengesiqhelo, wagqiba ukwazisa abemi beli lizwe, kutheni eChernobyl amandla enyukliya isityalo liqhuma. Iifoto ngozi yokuqala akazange asinde. Kuyakwazeka ukuba ze khona.

station abamele

Kamva kwinqaku amagama abasebenzi kunye isikhundla phambi, ngexesha nasemva ntlekele. Umlawuli isikhululo ngowe-1986 kwakukho Bryuhanov uViktor Petrovich. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, umphathi waba Pozdyshev EN

Sorokin NM yena umsebenzi injineli namasekela kwithuba 1987-1994 gg. Gramotkin II ukususela 1988 ukuya kowe-1995, waba intloko ivenkile reactor. Okwangoku, nguye CEO SSE "Chornobyl NPP".

Dyatlov Anatoliy Stepanovich - namasekela injineli abaziintloko imisebenzi yaye omnye kwabo ityala ngenxa yengozi. Isizathu sokuba kukuqhushumba eChernobyl amandla enyukliya ukuba aqhube eksperimenti oluyingozi ezakhokelela eli engineer ethile.

okungayi iku-

Ukubandezeleka Pripyat oselula namhlanje iyasuleleka izinto radioactive. Baza ngokufuthi emhlabeni, izakhiwo, imisele, kunye nezinye emathambekeni. Idolophu kwezibonelelo ezikhoyo isikhululo kuphela fluoridation yamanzi, igumbi lokuhlamba okhethekileyo, igaraji kunye PPC ad. Emva kwengozi, Pripyat, Isimanga, akayekanga uphulukene nesidima emzini.

Nge Chernobyl meko yahluke kakhulu. Kukhuselekile ebomini, kukho abantu ophethe isikhululo, wabiza njalo-elawo. EKapa namhlanje - liziko lolawulo okungayi yezolawulo. Chernobyl lugxile ngokwayo kwishishini oluxhasa lo mmandla ikwimeko nokusingqongileyo-ekhuselekileyo. Ukuzinziswa kwale meko ilele kolawulo atom kumlambo Pripyat kunye elibala. Esi sixeko abasebenzi Ministry of Internal Affairs, nenoxanduva ukukhusela lommandla bakhutshelwa ngaphandle abazali mthethweni.