Mushroom Plasmodium: ifoto kunye nenkcazo

Mushroom Plasmodium - yenye izinto eziphilayo kakhulu emangalisayo ezikhona iplanethi yethu. imbonakalo yakhe xanisa kwaye oyikisayo kwi efanayo abantu ixesha ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Akumangalisi ibizwa ngokuba oyile kunye negazi uligqwirha ingcuka. Ukongezelela inkangeleko yayo engaqhelekanga, ngundo inomnye amangalisayo - angakwazi ukuhamba!

Overview

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba i-Plasmodium ngundo, okanye slug yaziwa abantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kusesemini phantse unexplored. elide lakhe kuthiwa ubukumkani fungi wabiza ngumngundo anodaka, nangona yena akanayo i iqokobhe nzima, lukhula phezu umzimba kwezityalo. Ngaphezu koko, akukho kwahluka kakhulu ngamandla nabalinganiswa kunye linoluhlu nezinye iimpawu.

Igama ngumngundo anodaka (in Greek - Amakhowa Singabhalwa) ngokubhekiselele kwezi zinto ziphilayo engaqhelekanga kuqala lwenziwa ngo-1833. Noko ke, emva kokuba yezityalo waseJamani senkulungwane-ikota De Bari, ngubani kangangeminyaka eliqela wayenza ukufunda esinzulu kubo, wafumanisa ukuba Plasmodium ayinanto yakwenza amakhowa, mhlawumbi lilifa kwiqela lenyama. Yaba nguye owoyiswayo ukubiza ezi zidalwa Mycetozoa, okt gribozhivotnymi okanye jeli anodaka lokwenyaniso.

yokuhlala

Mushroom Plasmodium naa phantse kulo lonke ihlabathi. It kungabonakala nkqu ezinkqantosini, xa ikhephu ezintabeni. Noko ke, ezinye iintlobo zezi zilwanyana, ingakumbi abo bahlala ekweleenjiko kunye neendawo eziyimiqwebedu, kufuneka onyukele kumaqondo abambalwa kakhulu. A iintlobo ngeentlobo plasmodia ibonakala kwindawo ziingcathu, ngamahlathi zayo zamaxesha athile ngonyaka, kwakunye iMediterranean.

Ezinye iintlobo inokubonwa kuphela ehlotyeni, ngelixa abanye afumaneka ukusuka entlakohlaza ekuqaleni ukuya kokwindla. Uphuhliso ezi fungi kwakhona kwenzeka lixesha. Iintlobo ngebhitumene sokubumbela kwakunye nezinye iintlobo asezantsi yobomi, imiselwa liSebe imilo apho mzimbeni lwabo fruiting. Bambi bacinga ukuba mushroom ayinakutyiwa Plasmodium. Noko ke, akunjalo. Le slug inetyhefu, nokuba kuyabathibaza abo bebengathanda ukuba izinambuzane kuphela, kodwa ezincancisayo ezincinane.

substrates

iintlobo ezininzi ngumngundo anodaka uncamela ukuhlala iintsalela imithi, uhageleyo okanye inkunkuma igqabi. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi lomzimba wabo iziqhamo Plasmodium phantse lonke ibonakale ngokucacileyo. Akumangalisi ke, ukuba kuvela uninzi izifundo mycologists ngubani ikakhulu uchaze iintlobo ezinxulumene ngqo nezi substrates.

Yobeka phi bafunda ezo eziphilayo ezihlala endleni ka izilwanyana ezitya izityalo, kwakunye amaxolo emithi zokuphila. Oku kungenxa ubungakanani sporophores zabo kubi kakhulu, kwaye ngoko qaphela ezi ntlobo ngumngundo anodaka kwindalo kunzima kakhulu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-Plasmodium - mushroom (ifoto kwinqaku), nto leyo kwiimeko ezininzi akukho ebotshelelwe naluphi na uhlobo enye zeendawana. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko umthetho. Ezinye jeli anodaka, umzekelo, sodidi Cribraria, bakhetha ixolo zemithi besive Conifers. Kukho abo anodaka sokubumbela, sporulation leyo amaninzi kwenzeka kwi awile kunyaka oluhlaza, okanye ophelileyo, iziqu okanye ezikhulayo ubulembu.

indlela andise

Kanye Ingca yolwandle, mushroom ubukho Plasmodium luqala imbambano. Ukusuka oku kuvela seli mbungu. Ukuba imeko yawo umanzi ngokwaneleyo, ngoko kuthatha ifomu miksoflaggellata, t. E. Uba efanayo infusoria ne misila ezimbini ubude ezahlukeneyo. It iinkqubo ukunceda ezi zinto ziphilayo ukuba zidade ngokukhululekileyo emanzini.

Ukuba ukufuma akwanelanga, ngoko ke imbewu kwakhiwa miksameba. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iifom ezichazwe apha ngasentla-angasebenzisana, nonako flow omnye komnye. Ukongeza, zibe iseti haploid zofuzo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukungunda anodaka na iiseli ngesondo. Xa inkqubo conjugation lwenzeka elilodwa, miksoflaggellata ezincinane okanye miksameba iya isiba umzimba kwezityalo emva koko - a omzimba kwiseli enye apho kakhulu ngokwahlula ngokukhawuleza ngumongo. Ngenxa yoko, iseli ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye cell yencindi, ngelixa umbala. Ngoko ke wazalwa ephilayo encinane karhataka, Plasmodium koko zakha ngundo.

incazelo

Ngezibumbi anodaka bokwenyaniso kumngcipheko abaziintloko uthungelwano branched fan-esonka ngeentambo (iityhubhu), ezifana imithambo yegazi. Kwinqanaba le-Plasmodium kuyabonakala ngaphandle sikrini. Kweli nqanaba wophuhliso wakhe, yena luhlobo olunye-cell ubunzima, zipeyintwe umbala omthubi. I indawo evumayo ngakumbi, lo elikhulu liya kukhula kuye.

Le ephilayo lidla bufanekiswa ndiyingwenya yokuphanga ukuzibambela odla into esendleleni yayo. Kwaye yinyaniso; ngokuba njengoko uphindaphindo yalo libamba afunxa iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo, imingxunya, amagwele nkqu nezilwanyana ezincinane. Mushroom Plasmodium ihamba phezu zeendawana ngelixa sisenyusa ngobukhulu ziqina ekutyeni efana amoeba. Kulo mzekelo, umzimba eyenza i vacuoles ekuthiwa okunesondlo, apho kubonisa enzymes ezikhethekileyo yokwetyisa. Emva koko kukho nokufunxwa kwezinto eziyimfuneko. Ngoko ke kukho inkqubo phagocytosis.

Xa sigaba Plasmodium Le slug ngobambana imilinganiso: entity kwiseli unako ukufikelela-30 cm ubude kwaye 3-5 cm ubukhulu! Oko kwabhalwa irekhodi lomhlaba phelele - kwiseli enye ye-Plasmodium Physarum polycephalum sele bebaninzi kangangokuba wathabatha indawo ye-2 square metres.

inkqubo intshukumo

Ukuhamba mushroom Plasmodium ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho uhlobo zihlunu - actin kunye myosin imisonto ephungula kukho icytoplasm ezikufutshane, ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe ekuphuculeni kunye amathuba ukuphuphuma. Ngoko ke kukho intshukumo yomzimba. Ziwele phezu zeendawana, oko unako ukuhamba enesantya 1 cm ngeyure nganye.

Kwenzeka ukuba okusingqongileyo azinayo ukufuma ngokwaneleyo, ngoko Plasmodium idla lukhuni, lukhuni yaye ekugqibeleni uguqulwe sclerotia. Maxa wambi yahlulahlulwe yaba makrotsist eziliqela ezo esingxotyeni engenamandla ngokwaneleyo kunye umphakathi ezininzi ngaphakathi. Ukuhlala kule meko, umzimba inokuphila iminyaka eliqela, kodwa xa inhlalo intle, ngamnye makrotsist kuba Plasmodium entsha.

iimpawu ezimangalisayo

Plasmodium baye okwimo ivumba lwekhemikhali, ngenxa yokuba, ukuba kufuphi ukutya, baya kuhamba ngenjongo kuye. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ezinye xesha lobomi phototaxis zabo ezimbi kutshintshwe HIV, kunye neenkowane-bume olumanzi aqale ukukhasa waphuma waya umphezulu, ezama kwelanga. Kungenzeka, oku kwenzeka ngethuba nokwanda lokugqibela ukuyilwa olumandla sikuyo.

Kwakhona umdla kukuba xa izinambuzane ezimbini uhlobo sinye "edidekile" kunye, ukwakha umzimba eqhelekileyo. Xa imeko abaqolileyo plasma kwezi ndawo uqalisa ngamafuphi kwaye enze imizimba fruiting. Bona azivelele kwaye sikhulise ngobukhulu, njengoko kwi inkqubo ngokucandeka yenyukliya kunye nokusekwa zavuleka haploid. Emva Ungqabhuko protective iqokobhe ixesha elithile periderm, kunye imbewu anodaka sokubumbela zisasazwa ngumoya. Kodwa kwenzeka kuphela phantsi kweemeko zivuma. Ukuba yemo engqongileyo ntoni abunokwanezisa kubo ngenxa kwezinye iindlela, imbewu nga khona iminyaka engaphezu kwama asixhenxe, lo gama kugcinwe ubuchule babo ukuze imbewu intshule.

Ukuhlolwa slizevikov

Iqela iinzululwazi Japanese igqibe ukuba agcine i-Plasmodium, njengoko lula cultured elebhu. Baqhuba ulingelo kwisantya intshukumo ngebhitumene ukungunda, ukutshintsha ukufuma ku voice. Xa umoya uba owomileyo, Plasmodium wehlisa intshukumo. Kule abaphandi baye bahlola impembelelo sesichengeni ngamaxesha athile, umoya owomileyo kuhanjwa ngayo kudluliswe ngeyure enye. Kungekudala Plasmodium waqala isantya kwangaphambili. Wayebonakala ukuba silindele ukuqala sesichengeni elandelayo. Ukwenza oku, izazinzulu bagqiba asibumba anodaka baye okwimo kwinkumbulo.

kunye nezinye izifundo ziye kuqhutywa leyo kwagqitywa ukuba Plasmodium bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki elula, umzekelo, ukuze ufumane eyona ndlela imfutshane, Siyagqitha, sivela kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye maze. I Kufuneka utshilo okokuba ezi eksperimenti zibaluleke kakhulu, ukususela kukhokelela ukuqonda ukuziphatha ezi zidalwa eyayingekaphuhli kunye nembali zazivelela yabo.