OyiNgcwele Makabongwe Basil. St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Enye ozibonayo kakhulu umdla yaye mhle kwengqukuva Russian yi St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo (iboniswe ngezantsi), eyaziwa ngokuba Church of kuMoses Lady yethu, elakhiwa ngenkulungwane XVI ngokwemiyalelo Tsar Ivan IV labangcangcazelisi. Phantse wonke umntu kweli lizwe uyazi ukuba kubekwe phezu Red Square, kodwa hayi wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ibali ekwakhiweni kwayo legends ezinxulumene nayo. Kodwa ke andiyi kuba ngokwaneleyo ukwazi kuphela malunga yecawa. Saint, yakhiwa emva lowo Wena mboni, yaye kamva waba yaziwa ngokuba etempileni ngokwayo, ogama Vasiliy Blazhenny. Ibali lobomi bakhe, izenzo kunye nokufa akukho umdla ngaphantsi ibali ekwakhiweni yecawa.

Version le kwabayili

St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo (kokuba Zazihonjiswe ngemifanekiso ezininzi postcards abakhenkethi) yayakhiwe kwixesha ukususela 1555 nge-1561 ukuya ukukhumbula lokufakwa isixeko-inqaba Kazan ngu Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi ngubani ngumdali oluyinyaniso kule oqingqiweyo izakhiwo. Sithatha kuphela iindlela ezintathu. Eyokuqala kwezi - womzobi okukhawulezileyo Yakovlev, ababethwala lesiqhulo Barma. Kwazeka oko ngexesha iinkosi Pskov. Le ndlela yesibini - Barma nangokukhawuleza. Oku ezimbini bezakhiwo abathatha inxaxheba ekwakheni itempile. Kwaye eyesithathu - le ndlu yecawa wamisa amanye amagcisa ezingaziwayo Western eYurophu, mhlawumbe evela eItali.

Xa ubabalo kwefom entsha kukuba uninzi izakhiwo yesicelo yakhiwa nabafuduki ezisuka kweli lizwe. indlela ekhethekileyo, elathi laseka St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo (ifoto bonisa wakhe omkhulu), kakuhle idibanisa izithethe izakhiwo Russian kanye zaseYurophu. Kodwa ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela kwangoko ukuba olu guqulelo engafanelekanga nobunye ubungqina obuziimpepha.

Kukho kwakhona banentsomi njengako apho bonke labazobi ababesebenza kwiprojekthi kwetempile, zabandezwa ngokomyalelo Ivan ngabangcangcazelisi - ngenjongo yokuba zange bakwazi ukwakha into efanayo. Kodwa kukho ingxaki enye. Ukuba umbhali yetempile nangoku Postnik Yakovlev, ingakwazanga ukunikwa tameke. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa kamva elo ukusebenza ekudalweni yesicelo e Kazan.

Ubume kwetempile

Le ndlu yecawa unalo ezingama uphahla ezilishumi; ezisithoba kuzo zifumaneka kwi kubume engundoqo, yaye omnye - phezu kwenqaba yentsimbi. It iqulathe iitempile ezisibhozo. ezitroneni zabo abangcwalisiweyo kuphela imbeko kweeholide, ngexesha apho iimfazwe isigqibo Kazan zenzeka. Onke amabandla asibhozo amalungiselelo ehlabathini ophezulu anethoba ukuba unalo isakhiwo intsika-like. It is eyakhelwe imbeko woKhuselo ye nguMama kaThixo kwaye iphela nge lwale intente encinane. Ke ezinye uphahla Vasiliya Blazhennogo ujonga efika kuqala lakwaNtu. Baya kuba ukumila itswele, kodwa zahluke kuyilo zabo. Zonke iitempile asithoba kuma kwisiseko efanayo yaye amaqhina oqhagamshelwano zinakho amanqugwala lwangaphakathi kunye igalari, apho kwimo yalo yantlandlolo yavuleka.

Ngowe-1558, kuloo ndlu yecawa kwemiqathango yesiKhuseli ye nguMama kaThixo wakha indlwana, leyo zingcwaliselwe imbeko Vasiliya Blazhennogo. Kuye kwakhiwa kwi indawo apho kukho ngaphambili kwakukho esele saint. Njengoko igama layo wamnika igama yesibini yecawa. Emva kweminyaka engama-20, yaye itempile wafumana intsimbi nenqaba yayo hipped.

kumgangatho wokuqala - ongaphantsi

Ndimele ndithi St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo (ifoto, kakade, loo nto ayithethi ukubonisa) akanalo ongaphantsi. Onke amacandelo ecaweni yakhe ngenxa enye, kuthiwa kumgangatho ongaphantsi. Yesakhiwo kunye (m ukuya ku-3) Iindonga ngeranti elingqingqwa, esasohlulwe sangamagumbi eziliqela, nto leyo height ngaphezu kwe-6 m.

North abe kwigumbi elingaphantsi, usenokuba uthi, isakhiwo elikhethekileyo kwinkulungwane XVI. igumbi layo ilungiselelwe njenge bhokisi ngaphandle ekuxhaseni iintsika, nakubeni ke ubukhulu becala. Phakathi kweendonga eli gumbi, kukho imingxunyana emxinwa, obizwa ngokuba imingxuma umoya. Enkosi kubo, a microclimate olulodwa wadala apha, apho kuhlala ingatshintshanga kulo nyaka.

Xa onke amagumbi ongaphantsi ezazingekho ukuba amarhamente. Ezi engontsini nzulu ngohlobo lalisiba isetyenziswe njengendawo yokugcina. Phambi kokuba zivalwe iingcango. Kodwa ngoku kuphela kwiihenjisi baphume kubo. Up de 1595 kwigumbi elingaphantsi kwe ebutyebini bokumkani, kungokusigcina impahla zexabiso abemi lezityebi.

Ukuze ufumane egumbini ezifihlakeleyo phambi Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral e Moscow, kuyimfuneko ukuba Kwathi kwizinyuko eludongeni ilitye elimhlophe, lowo ubesazeka kuphela abakhwetha. Kamva eli nyathelo, babeka njengokuba ayiyomfuneko kwaye undilibele ngayo, kodwa imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela kwafunyaniswa ngengozi.

Chapel of, ihlelwe imbeko of Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Likwimo ibandla cubic. Yena Uvale ubudoda igumbi kunye igubu ukukhanya encinane, zinezihloko a cupola. Ukutyabeka ngokwawo le tempile yenziweyo kwi indlela enye icawa eliphezulu yecawa. Kukho Umbhalo isitayile phezu kodonga. Uthi ukuba ibandla Vasiliya Blazhennogo wayeyiphiwa 1588 ngentla nje yokungcwabela saint nangoko emva Ukumiselwa wayo ngokomyalelo Tsar Fedor Ivanovich.

Ngowe-1929 ibandla yavalwa unqulo. Kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane esidlulileyo ekugqibeleni uhombiso ebuyiselweyo. Memory Vasiliya Blazhennogo ayeze 15 Agasti. Lo mhla ngo-1997 yaba njengesiqalo kut- iinkonzo zonqulo ecaweni yakhe. Namhlanje, phezu yi iindleko yokungcwaba engcwele umhlaza kunye ezingcwele bakhe, ezihonjiswe nangokukrola entle. Le amanqugwala eMoscow yeyona iziqu kakhulu phakathi kwamalungu kunye neendwendwe yetempile.

Umhombiso ibandla

Mandivume ukuba akunakwenzeka kwinqaku zizalana ngamazwi onke wobuhle odumileyo St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo. inkcazelo yabo yayiza kuthabatha ngaphezu kweveki enye, mhlawumbi iinyanga. Nikela kuphela iinkcukacha umhombiso ibandla, bamiselwa imbeko kulo saint ethile.

ukupeyinta lwakhe oyile kuthiwa kwangethuba ukulungiselela iminyaka 350 ekwakhiweni yecawa. Ezindongeni akumzantsi emantla kuboniswe Vasiliy Blazhenny. Imifanekiso nobomi izigigaba bakhe bamele ummangaliso ingubo nokuhlangula elwandle. Ngaphantsi kwabo, phezu enamanqanaba asezantsi, oko nezidanga mandulo Russian le iitawuli. Ngaphezu koko, kwicala lebandla ijinga bolshemernaya umzobo icon leyo yenziweyo kumphezulu metal. Le wobugcisa yabhalwa ngo-1904.

Udonga ntshona itempile zinokuhonjiswa njengendlela iNtombi oyiNgcwele. Le senani elingaphezulu iquka imifanekiso engcwele kangcono indlu yasebukhosini. Le nkolo Irina, Ioann Predtecha, Saint Anastasia kunye Fedor Stratilat.

Intshinga isiqulathi busy enomfanekiso zeVangeli, crosshairs - uMsindisi oyiNgcwele, uYohane umBhaptizi kunye Virgin, igubu leyo ezihonjiswe namanani * yamanyange, kwaye uThixo amajukujuku - uKristu Pantocrator.

Njengoko kuba iconostasis, oko kuthwalelwa phandle ngokwe projekthi womzobi odumileyo AM Pavlinova ngo-1895, waza wakhokelela ukubhalwa odumileyo eMoscow icon umhlaziyi kunye opeyintayo Osip Chirikov. wesandla sakhe lithembekile siyakhuselwa kwenye icon. Ngaphezu koko, lo iconostasis usenalo umfanekiso iidiliya. Lokuqala - i icon of "Lady Lwethu ESmolensk", ibhekisela kwinkulungwane XVI, kwaye eyesibini - umfanekiso St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo, apho uchazwa kwi imvelaphi Red Square kunye yesicelo. imihla yokugqibela ukususela kwinkulungwane XVIII.

belfry

Embindini kwinkulungwane XVII ngaphambili wakha belfry ayekwimeko embi. Ngoko ke, wagqiba ekubeni ukutshintsha nenqaba intsimbi kwi 80s zenkulungwane efanayo. Ngendlela, ukuba bukule nto namhlanje. Isiseko nenqaba intsimbi kwesitya ende ezibanzi. It elimiswe encotsheni octagon ebukekayo ngakumbi yaye ubuthathaka, enziwe ngohlobo kwindawo evulekileyo, nto leyo singqongwe neentsika esisibhozo, yaye, bona, oxhulumene kwi phezulu abaphila Arch.

Nenqaba intsimbi surmounted yi iyintente libe kakhulu phezulu elintlangothi ezihonjiswe iithayile ezinemibala kunye njengeceba oluhlaza, omhlophe, brawuni ebengezelayo. ubuso bayo zagutyungelwa olugobileyo iithayile eluhlaza kunye neefestile ezincinane, kunokubanceda kakhulu isandi sabo xa toll intsimbi. At eliphezulu wentente kukho udaka itswele encinane umnqamlezo ihonjiswe. Ngaphakathi kumabala, kwakunye emnyango enhle hung iintsimbi, leyo baphoswe emva XVII-XIX kwiinkulungwane amagcisa abaziwayo Russian.

museum

Cathedral St. Basil uye waqaphela ngabasemagunyeni yiSoviet ilitye lesikhumbuzo zembali zakhiwo ngo-1918, hayi wesizwe kuphela kodwa kubaluleke ngamazwe kwaye kuthathwa phantsi wokhuseleko karhulumente. Kungelo xesha ke waqalisa ukuqwalasela imyuziyam. ntsumpa yokuqala uYohane Kuznetsov (Fr). Kufuneka ke ukuba le tempile emva revolution, ngaphandle ubaxo, kwi asinde kunene; zaye yeni phantse zonke iifestile, uphahla kwiindawo ezininzi ezivuzayo, yaye ebusika ekunene ngaphakathi kwizakhiwo baba snowdrifts.

Emva kweminyaka emihlanu ngokususela yecawa kwagqitywa ukwenza izakhiwo zembali bokwakha. intloko yayo yokuqala E. I. Silin - umphandi Moscow Museum Historical. Kakade ngoMeyi 21 batyelela indlu abatyeleli bokuqala. Ukususela ngelo xesha, umsebenzi uqalisiwe ukuxhasa yabasebenzi.

I-museum ebizwa i "Pokrovsky Cathedral" ngo-1928 wajika waba isebe Museum Historical. Emva konyaka, itempile ivaliwe ngokusesikweni yonqulo baza bathabatha zonke iintsimbi. Kule 30 ka ngamarhe kwinkulungwane yokugqibela ukuba licwangcisela kumbiwe. Kodwa ke kunjalo nethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo ukuze uphephe isiphetho enjalo. Nangona isibakala sokuba kukho phantse ikhulu kuqhutywa umsebenzi wokulungisa, itempile ivulekile Muscovites njalo. Kuba lonke ixesha lolondolozo lwembali yavalwa kanye kuphela, xa kukho Patriotic iMfazwe Enkulu.

Emva kwemfazwe, yena yathathwa onke amanyathelo ukubuyisela yecawa, njalo ngomhla ekubhiyozeleni isikhumbuzo 800th le Museum of kwikomkhulu efunyenweyo kwakhona. Kaloku a kuthandwa liphela amaxesha eSoviet Union. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba myuziyam yaziwa kakuhle kakhulu nje kuphela i-USSR kodwa kwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Ukususela ngo-1991, ibandla iyasetyenziswa njengoko Orthodox, Museum Historical. Emva kokuba ikhefu elide apha ekugqibeleni ukuqhuba unqulo.

St. ebuntwaneni

Future Moscow umlingo umsebenzi Saint Basil wazalwa ekupheleni kuka 1468. Ngokutsho legend, kwenzeka kanye evarandeni Elokhovskiy itempile sakhiwe imbeko Vladimir Icon ye ungowokubongwa Virgin Mary. Abazali bakhe abantu ezilula. Xa ekhula, yena wathunyelwa ukufunda shoemaking. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umthantamisi wakhe ndaphawula ukuba Basil ayifani bonke abanye abantwana.

Umzekelo iimpawu zayo ezizodwa ayanceda ityala; kanye umrhwebi umngenise okuziinkozo eMoscow nokubona evenkileni, waya odola ipere izihlangu. Kwangaxeshanye, wacela ukuba izihlangu akazange akwazi ukunyamezela; kwaye kulo nyaka. Ithe yakuva la mazwi, Malibongwe Basil walila kwaye wathembisa ukuba mthengisi akanalo ixesha sinxiba phantsi izithende ezi izihlangu. Xa akazange aqonde ke inkosi wabuza loo mfana kutheni ucinga ukuba umntwana exelele utishala wakhe ukuba umthengi akayi kuba nako ukubeka phezu kweziqalo nje afe. Esi siprofeto sazaliseka ngo kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa.

Ingqwalasela ngobungcwele

Xa Vasily 16, wafudukela eMoscow. Kwaba apha waqalisa indlela yakhe anameva njengesidenge. Ngokutsho ngawabo, Unoyolo Basil wahamba izitrato zihlangu kunye nonyaka capital ze ngeenxa zonke, kungakhathaliseki nokuba kwakukho munyu ubushushu ebandayo okanye ihlobo olulophu.

Amazwe cinga layo nje kuphela inkangeleko, kodwa izenzo. Umzekelo, badlula phambi nezitali emarikeni, oko ishedi isitya ezele kvas, okanye ayibhutyuze over the counter kunye kalatches. Ebudeni belo Vasiliy Blazhenny kwakuye kancinane yimiphumela abarhwebi. Uyinqaba ngolu hlobo, yena usoloko wonwabile ukuthatha ngokundibetha kwaye wambulela uThixo ngenxa yawo. Kodwa kamva afika, iphalale kvass yaba amaqebengwana ngokokude yokugula womoji-zonka. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko ingqalelo kuphela denouncer zokungabi nanyaniso, kodwa ke umfo wakwaThixo kunye isidenge engcwele.

Nantsi enye imeko yobomi saint bakhe. Xa umthengisi igqibe ukwakha ibandla ilitye e Moscow, ngo Pokrovka. Kodwa ngandlel 'siwela yi nakwiingqameko ezintathu. Lowo weza eSt Basil ukuba acele ingcebiso ngalo mbandela. Ke yena wamthumela eKiev, ukuba uludwayinge uYohane. Ekufikeni kumaKanan komzi umntu unelungelo endlini yakhe amahlwempu. UYohane wahlala ke lanyikima ihlabathi ezalwa, nto leyo lalize. Umthengisi wambuza lowo nangoku shake. Le abahluphekayo waphendula ukuba kwenza unina sokuzalwa abakhuliswe ngayo. Kuphela koko wenza yomrhwebi ingcinga unina, enibe dula aphume endlwini. Yena ngoko nangoko Kwaya kwacaca ukuba kwakutheni akakwazi ukwakha ibandla. Ukubuyela eMoscow, yomrhwebi wafumana unina, wacela ukuxolelwa wakhe waza wathatha ekhaya. Emva koko, koko lula ikwazile ukwakha ibandla.

IZenzo wemimangaliso

Malibongwe Basil nemfesane kusoloko kushunyayelwa abanye nokunceda abo ukungqiba, ndineentloni, lo gama abadinga uncedo ngaphezu kwabanye. Ngesi sihlandlo, kukho inkcazo yokuba ityala elinye apho Imnike zonke izinto akunikwe abarhwebi kakumkani ukutyelela, owasemzini ngengozi lilahlekelwe yonke into. Yomthengisi iintsuku eziliqela Akadla nto, kodwa ndandingakwazi ukucela uncedo, kuba yena wayenxibe iimpahla zexabiso.

Vasiliy Blazhenny njalo kugwetywa ngqongqo abo ibaliza ngokusekelwe iintshukumisa zokuzingca ongaphumiyo yimfesane ngenxa yentlupheko kunye nonxunguphalo. Ngenxa abamelwane, wada waya endaweni yokulalisa, apho sinikhuza, wazama ukukhuthaza abantu abaninzi wehla, ukuwabona olunjengokhozo ububele. Oku whacky kangaka uzihlambululayo umphefumlo wakhe kunye nemithandazo kunye nezenzo emikhulu wavula isipho kusengaphambili. Ngowe-1547, uyolo bakwazi ukuqikelela emlilweni enkulu eyenzeka eMoscow, nomthandazo wakhe, yena wabeka phandle amadangatye e Novgorod. Bexesha lakhe ibango ukuba kanye lundingcikivayo ngokwakhe Basil Tsar Ivan IV abangcangcazelisi, njengoko kunjalo ngexesha unqulo wacinga yokwakha kwi Vorobyovy Gory kwibhotwe lakhe.

Wafa Agasti 2 engcwele, 1557. Ke Moscow Metropolitan Macarius kunye abefundisi zakhe Basil yomngcwabo. Yena wangcwatyelwa Emnye Church, nto leyo 1555 waqala ukwakha abathethelele Church xa kukhunjulwa kokoyiswa Kazan Khanate. Emva kweminyaka 31, ngoAgasti 2, saint laye lamiselwa Council, likhokelwa usolusapho uYobhi.

Ababephila wayichaza naye efanayo, kwaye usoloko wakhankanya ezi nkcukacha mathathu; yena ibhityile kakhulu, enxibe ubuncinane impahla, yaye isandla kuye ebezisoloko abasebenzi. Ngaloo ndlela kubonakala kuthi Vasiliy Blazhenny. icons Photo imifanekiso kunye nomfanekiso wakhe zithiwe thaca kweli nqaku.

Nokuhlonelwa kwale wemimangaliso ingcwele yabantu kakhulu kangangokuba Cathedral St. Basil baqalisa ngesidima igama lakhe. Hi ndlela leyi, imixokelelwane yakhe kusekho ngokugcina Theological Academy of eMoscow. Nabani na ofuna ukuba babe lesikhumbuzo entle lwezakhiwo zamaxesha, ungazifumana kule dilesi ilandelayo: Moscow, Red Square, eSt Vasiliya Blazhennogo.