Mphandle kweqondo esezantsi yomntu

Kweli nqaku siza kujonga isimo se le nemilenze iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Funda isakhiwo kwimimandla namagumbi fascial uchukumise slits, imijelo, kunye izithuba.

isimo se kombono

"Ukuma" - igama Liguqulwe lithatyathwa yesiGrike ngokuthi "inkcazelo elimi ngayo." Kakhulu ngenxa yophando umsebenzi ugqirha odumileyo kwenkulungwane ye-19 UNikolai Pirogov lo mba uye intsingiselo eyahlukileyo evela entsimini yejografi ngcembe yafudukela imfundiso somzimba yabantu. Kungekudala Le mfundiso ebedume lonke waza waba "Le komzimba ubume bendalo."

Ingcamango mphandle lonyango yaziwa kakuhle wonke umfundi isidanga sokuqala kunye profile zamachiza. Oku izifundo baqeqeshwe kuphela indawo amalungu omzimba womntu kwaye amalungu, kodwa intsebenziswano phakathi kwabo nabanye.

komzimba ngesimo swi ekufundeni imilo kunye nolwakhiwo amalungu enza umzimba, eziye ngokwemigaqo inani lotshintsho ngenxa ezahlukeneyo ezimbi. Systematizing ubungqina lwenzululwazi icala sabo ngenxa yeemeko hayi kakhulu zendalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba bazisebenzise kutyando kunye nonyango.

Umahluko phakathi kwala magama komzimba ngesimo kunye nokwakheka

Oko kukuthi, phakathi ingqiqo mphandle (komzimba sendawo) kunye komzimba esilula umahluko ngokwaneleyo ebalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ngokusekelwe indlela kwi inkcazo ubume bomntu. Mphandle ibandakanya isifundo welungiselelo efanayo lwemizimba kwimeko kwiindawo abaya babalise. Anatomy nayo ibandakanya isifundo kweenkqubo apho lufakwe apha phakathi kwemibutho: isixokelelwano sokuphefumla okanye yokujikeleza, umzekelo.

Omnye umahluko enkulu ukusuka komzimba kukuba isimo se, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba nomdla ekufundeni utshintsho emzimbeni ezahlukeneyo kunye namasebe ezibangelwa ubukho ngezifo ethile. A Umzekelo umxhelo --mphandle kuvunyelwa ukuqinisekisa inqanaba eziphembelela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukudumba kwi ubunjani nohlobo lwemizimba.

Okokuqala,-mphandle njengendlela yokuziqeqesha lisetyenziswa njengonyango utyando. Ukwazi le yesebe efunda ngesayensi isimo se le ifascia nemisipha nemilenze, inika ugqirha specialist ukuba ingcamango malunga nendawo ngqo ngamalungu oluntu kunye neenkqubo ngaphandle mkhanya olubonakalayo ngqo. ulwazi olunjalo evumela uthelekiso ngokwamalungu iimeko zabo eqhelekileyo zophendlo lwezifo. Sifanele uyavuma ukuba ukwenza yonke imisebenzi zotyando olo lwazi kubalulekile.

ukwakheka Imiba bafunda

Mphandle ekubhekiswe kwiinkalo isicelo, kwaye ibandakanyeka kwisifundo oluneenkcukacha ngesakhiwo lommandla nganye emzimbeni womntu; ibona ukuba iintlobo-moya. Ukongeza, le kuqwalaselwa le miba ilandelayo:

• Blood kwegazi (mphandle inxulumene iimpahla kwesebe asezantsi).
• Le ezayo amalungu omzimba ukuba eluswini, indawo ye-add-on ukuya amathambo abantu.
• iindlela unikezelo izixwexwe iiseli zemithambo-luvo (luvo mphandle le nemilenze).
• Zamanzi emvula kwinyama emzimbeni, kokubini kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo yaye kwiimeko zophendlo lwezifo.
• Ingakumbi umzimba womntu. Ukubandakanya ngesondo,-siseko.

mphandle Surgical ngokwemibandela yahlulwe kwimimandla zilandelayo yokwakheka:

1. Head.
2. Neck.
3. Esifubeni.
4. Yesiqephu.

Ukuma imilenze ezisezantsi neziphezulu izibophelelo

Enye kwiinkalo isayensi isimo se izihlunu mlenze asezantsi. Ngokwahlukeneyo bodwa yethopholoji of kweqondo eliphezulu nolusezantsi yethopholoji kwabantu.

skeleton ukuxhasa nomlenze Human ibandakanya amathambo inyonga kwaye iqela elikhululekileyo imilenze. Yena, ke, iquka iperi femoral, patellar, namathambo unyawo kunye umzantsi womlenze. Kulo mzekelo, kwesebe umbhinqo asezantsi ithambo zangasese ibunjiwe iqulathe amathambo amathathu: ischium, pubis kunye ilium. Ngokudibene coccyx kunye sacrum isiseko ithambo isinqe.

isimo se ndawo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, isimo se kwesebe esezantsi ibandakanya iinkalo ezifana:

1. Le ndawo toe wohlulwe kummandla plantar nommandla umva.
2. Le ndawo isithende.
3. Ummandla unyawo: plantar kanye amaphiko.
4. ummandla Shin: oku kuquka ummandla ngaphambili umzantsi womlenze, ngasemva, indawo phambi iqatha, kummandla umva.
5. Kwedolo: cipande kunye ummandla ngomva ngayo idolo.
6. Ethangeni: indawo hip ngaphambili nangesemva.
7. kummandla Gluteal.

Ukuma KweLizwe nemilenze

ummandla Gluteal - enye iindawo kwesebe asezantsi, elinganiselwe ngaphezulu Crest, iliac kunye asezantsi umda - gluteal umsele, line medial-osecaleni median, edityaniswe iindawo ezifana kwethambo hip ongentla kunye trochanter enkulu.

indawo ethangeni. Ukwahlula phambili kunye umva. Le ndawo nemilenze, apho kufunwa phambi-proximal nasemiphakathweni kunye umva - gluteal emseleni. Nje distally kuphela umgca isangqa, ibanjwa kwi patella kwi iminwe emibini. Ukwahlulwa imigca nkqo, phakathi nadmyshelkom osecaleni kunye trochanter enkulu kwicala lateral; nadmyshelkom phakathi medial kwaye kwicala medial lesebe esezantsi ithambo zikawonke wonke.

Unxantathu femoral - ezahlulwe kummandla akudala femoral, elinganiselwe esesiphelweni ngaphandle sartorius, ngaphakathi - adductor longus kwezihlunu, kwaye top - elo lungu inguinal. Nantsi isimo se kwemithambo eziphambili kweqondo asezantsi.

Area of kwedolo, bembande, unyawo, isithende

Kwamadolo. phambi ekwanti kunye indawo asemva nemilenze, ezo lirhangqwe umgca proximally setyhula. It kubanjwe ngaphezu kwisiseko patellar 2 iminwe. line Distally-setyhula ukulawula imihlaba inqanaba tuberosity le lesiquluba. Le ndawo nedolo ngaphambili nangesemva lahlulwe ngemigca ngokwandisa nkqo ecaleni ngomva ngohlangothi condyles femoral.

indawo Shin. Ngaphambili kunye umva - ngeenxa proximally umda yi kwinqanaba nemixawuka kunye lesiquluba distally-setyhula line enqamleza kufutshane kumazantsi kwamaqatha. Ezahlulwe sisithuba kumngcipheko medial lwe lesiquluba (ngaphakathi) kunye ecaleni emseleni, leyo esahlula umsipha soleus kunye lesiquluba - yokuxazulula.

Yintoni enye iqukiwe mphandle kweqondo eliphantsi?

Iqatha - mmandla, nto leyo ngumda isetyhula umgca kwinqanaba kwamaqatha - proximally; inqanaba ezincotsheni amaqatha akho - distally. Ngokuqhelekileyo, lo mmandla yahlulahlulwe la macandelo alandelayo: osecaleni medial; ngaphambili nangesemva.

Field yonyawo, kuquka ngasemva kunye kummandla plantar. Region, umgca womda kwi iziciko kwinqanaba Amaxhwele lesiquluba amancinci - proximally kwaye distally - neziseko iminwe. Ezahlulwe sisithuba umgca ukusuka embindini kwesithende ithambo ukuya kumbindi intloko amadeo - emphethweni osecaleni umgca osuka embindini kwethambo isithende kunye ngohlangothi medial phakathi intloko amadeo.

Le ndawo isithende. Region, nto leyo siyahlukana umgca nkqo stremyaobraznoy ukususela kumda stop eliphezulu.

esililini Fascial alo mlenze elisezantsi

Ifaka:

1. indawo ithanga nje ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe bakhulise, phambili kwaye medial ibhedi fascial.
2. Bembande: ngaphambili, ibhedi ngasemva kunye lateral.
3. Ummandla unyawo: amanqaku angumndilili, enzulu, medial kunye ebhedini lateral.

Ifascia kunye nobume le nemilenze

Front ethangeni fascial ukhuko Lodge va indalo ithambo-ezinezikhondo. Elise kwindawo hip ngaphambili kwaye kuphela ngu lata ifascia ngaphambili; medial kunye zekhala osecaleni intermuscular siyahlukana emacaleni; periosteum ye yifemur - ngasemva. Oku kuquka quadriceps.

Medial ethangeni ibhedi fascial i emandlalweni kuphela ukuba ifascia lata medial, kwicala umva - ngasemva ekudibaneni intermuscular, phambi medial ulwahlulo dystrophy imida yakhe. Oku kuquka amaqela izihlunu kwisiphelo elisezantsi. umsebenzi mphandle yahlukile.

hip ukhuko diff - Matshotyana emva kokulala indalo ithambo-ezinezikhondo. Ngasemva ifascia lata olungephi, amacala kunye nomphambili wayo siyahlukana udonga diff kunye izihlunu osecaleni, periosteum yifemur. Oku kuquka iqela izihlunu umva.

shin ukhuko Front - ithambo kwaye umlinganiswa ezinezikhondo. Limited shin ifascia ngaphambili, periosteum le medial lesiquluba kunye sobuKristu ekudibaneni intermuscular lesiquluba lateral. Waziqhuba periosteum lesiquluba limited yaye ndizayo interosseous. Xa lesiquluba phambi ibhedi fascial iqulethe tibialis cipande umthambo kunye Umthambo, luvo peroneal, izihlunu umzantsi womlenze, ziphantsi isimo se kwemithambo eziphelweni asezantsi.

ibhedi lateral fascial ekuthiwa umandlalo eye Isifo-ezinezikhondo endalweni. Ongqongwe medially ifascia lesiquluba periosteum lesiquluba ithintela osecaleni, ngaphambili nangasemva - ngokulandelelana ngaphambili kunye ekudibaneni diff intermuscular. Oku kuquka izihlunu peroneal (elifutshane nelide) kunye luvo (peroneal phezulu).

Bakhulise lesiquluba ukhuko - ifascia shin ithintela emacaleni ukhuko lesiquluba fascial diff kwaye back; inwebu interosseous, lo lesiquluba periosteum, ngomva lesiquluba ukwahlulwahlulwa dystrophy - Front. Oku kuquka nerve tibial, Kwangale ngomva tibial kunye Umthambo, le lesiquluba kwemithambo kunye lesiquluba umva iqela izihlunu. Le mphandle kweqondo asezantsi.

ludonga embhedeni

ematheni Medial ibhedi fascial i emandlalweni siyahlukana phakathi kodonga medial imisipha. Luphawulwa flexor digitorum brevis kwezihlunu, elawula imicu ye flexor elide.

ematheni ophakathi ibhedi fascial ebizwa umandlalo iqhele kwisithuba phakathi ifascia plantar kunye interosseous plantar aponeurosis. Oku kuquka flexor imicu ende, izihlunu kuphela (isikwere).

ibhedi lateral fascial yedwa na umandlalo, elinganiselwe yi-avareji udonga osecaleni kwimisipha iqulethe umsipha flexor kwaye uthelekisa ngomnwe yesihlanu, kunye izihlunu abductor. Ngaphezu koko, ide ithi isimo se izihlunu mlenze ephantsi?

Deep ematheni Lodge fascial - ebhedini avareji ukusuka kuphela eludongeni osecaleni dystrophy. Enzulwini fascial Lodge sole iqulethe abductor kwezihlunu kwaye wenza umahluko ngomnwe yesihlanu kunye flexor.

Deep ematheni Lodge fascial - iqulethe umsipha interosseous, kwaye ibekwe phantsi ifascia enzonzobila.

Imiphantsi, amathanda kunye nendawo cell

Cinga indawo ye nemilenze kwaye ziqulathe izithuba zeselula, imijelo kunye Azisekho:

1. ummandla Gluteal kuquka podyagodichnoe kunye mezhyagodichnoy emajukujukwini.
2. Le ndawo umlenze wangaphambili liyafumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe ikhe iintungu fascial, intermuscular enzulu kunye nendawo okolokostnoe. Xa indawo okolokostnom abekwe: izikhewu nemithambo kwemisipha; obturator, imijelo femoral phambili.
3. fossa Popliteal.
4. Channels: goleno-popliteal, iintungu peroneal, malleolar.
5. izithuba zeeselula - podfastsialnoe diff.
6. izithuba zeeselula ematheni - and enzonzobila.

isiphelo

Phambi komzimba ngesimo okanye, ngendlela elula, isimo se kweqondo ephantsi zijongene iqela lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Ezi ziquka, kuqala kwiinto zonke, inkcazelo ngqo indawo amalungu oluntu. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko kuphawulwe ngaphambili, i-mphandle uchaza amagunya, hayi kuphela imeko yabo zendalo eqhelekileyo, kodwa karhulumente izifo okanye imeko emva kokuba ngezifo. Iziphumo zophando topography komzimba ngesimo zenza isiseko solwazi esibanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa inxaxheba uxilongo kwezifo, kodwa okona kubalulekileyo - kwinkalo ye zotyando.