Umlambo weYenisei: iimpawu kunye nenkcazo. Ukuwa kunye nentlambo yoMlambo waseYenisei

I-Yenisei ingomnye wemifula emikhulu kungekhona kuphela eRashiya, kodwa kwihlabathi lonke. Indawo yokuhlala kwindawo yamanzi yintsimi yaseSiberia. I-Yenisei isuka e-Arctic Ocean amawaka eekhilomitha ukuya kwi- Kara Kara. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba igama livela kwigama elithi "Ionesis", eliguqulelwe ukusuka kwintetho ye-Evenk ngokuthi "amanzi amakhulu". Kwaye, i-Big Yenisei ibizwa ngokuba yiBy-Khem, kunye ne-Small-Kaa-Khem.

Inkcazo yendawo yamanzi

Umlomo woMlambo we-Yenisei uvela kwi-echibi elibizwa ngeKara-Balyk, efumaneka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwiiNtanethi ze-Sayan Mountains. Le ndawo ithathwa njengomthombo weBy-Khem. Ngokuphathelele uKaa-Khem, unamaqela amaninzi eMongolia. I-confluence yomlomo iyenzeka kummandla wonxweme wesiXeko saseKyzyl.

Inkcazo yoMlambo we- Yenisei ibonakala ngokukodwa kwindawo yomgcini. Ngombulelo kumanqanaba anjalo anommangaliso wendawo yamanzi, iNtema iphakathi kwee sixhenxe ezinkulu kwihlabathi. E-Russia, i-Ob ithathwa njengobungangamsha kwinqanaba. Indawo ye-Yenisei yamanzi iphindwe kaninzi kunezixhobo ezihlangeneyo zeVolga kunye neDnieper. Ngokwakhe isakhiwo, umlambo ulinganiselwe kwaye awuhambisani. Inxalenye enkulu inokuma ngakwesokudla se-axis ephakathi. I-asymmetry ephumelele ngenxa yezinto ezinjalo ezifana neTunguska neAngara. Inkcazo yoMlambo we-Yenisei kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuhlula kwayo. Namhlanje kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa phakathi kweendawo eziphezulu, ezantsi naphakathi. Ngenxa yokuhlukana okunjalo, abantu abaninzi baqala ukudideka, apho uMlambo we-Yenisei uhlala khona ngokubhekiselele kwindawo yawo. Enyanisweni, indawo yamanzi iqala eSiberia naseMongolia, njengoko kudlalwa kakhulu. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-Upper Yenisei, ubude bayo bu malunga ne-600 km, kwaye luqala ukusuka kwingqungquthela yeKaa-Khem neBy-Khem. Icandelo eliphakathi lomlambo livela kuMlambo i-Angara ukuya kwi-Reservoir yeKrasnoyarsk. Ixabiso eliphantsi lide kakhulu kunalo lonke. Iphela kwi-Ust-Port, kufuphi neCape Sopochnaya karga.

Izibhedlele zamanzi

Ubude bomlambo weYenisei ukusuka ekuhlanganiseni iBy-Khem kunye neKaa-Khem malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-3487. Ubungakanani obude bomgca ovela kwindawo ekude yomthombo ngu-4287 km. Ubungakanani bendawo yamanzi, ephakathi kwintsimi yaseRashiya, ihluka ukuya kwi-4123 km.

Kwi-hydroloji kukho into enjengexesha lobude bamanzi. Iquka izitya ezibalulekileyo ezibalulekileyo, eziye zidibene nomlambo othile. Kwimeko ye-Yenisei, ubude baloo ndlela buya kuba yindlela eya kwi-Idar, kuquka neLake Baikal. Eli nani li malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-5550.

Indawo epheleleyo yendawo yamanzi yeTema ijongwa ngama-2580 weekhilomitha ezili-square. Km. Ngokwale sixalathisi, ichibi liyisixhenxe kwihlabathi. Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo ukuwa kunye nentlambo yoMlambo weYenisei. Ukubala, kuqala ubeke ixabiso lentengo yokuqala. Ukuwa kunye nentlambo yoMlambo we-Yenisei - iiparameter zitshintshana kwaye zixhomekeke omnye komnye. Ekuqingeni inani, ukuphakama komthombo (3.3 km) kunye nomlomo (0 km) zibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo. Ukususela kwixabiso lokuqala, isibini isuswe, kwaye iya kuba yi-3300 m. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuqinisekisa ubude bomlambo - 4287 km. Ngoku i-3300 ihlulwe ngo-4287. Ixabiso elifunyenweyo liguqulelwe kwi-ppm. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuwa kunye nentlambo yoMlambo waseYenisei yi-3.3 km kunye ne-0.77 m / km, ngokulandelanayo.

Isakhiwo sendlela

Umda wemvelo womlambo yi-axis of separation of Eastern and Western Siberia. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ininzi yebhanki lasekhohlo leHema lisentlaleni, kwaye ibhanki elungileyo lisentabeni ye-taiga. Igumbi lokubhukuda lisendaweni ezininzi zeenkomfa. Ngoko uphi uMlambo we-Yenisei, ukuba ufikelele ngaphantsi kweehabho ezihamba nge-polar, kunye nakwi-upper-camels? Umthombo wendawo yendawo yamanzi ngumzi waseKyzyl. Kukho apho i-Big and Small Yenisei idibanisa.

Iikhilomitha ezili-188 zokuqala zokukhupha umlambo zingenagxobhozo ezingapheliyo kunye nokugqithisa. Kule nxalenye, ububanzi bebhasinia buhluka ukusuka kwi-100 kuya kwi-650 m ukuya kwezantsi ukuya kwi-12 m. Nantsi, ukuwa kunye nentlambo yoMlambo we-Yenisei ngokuqhelekileyo. Ukongezelela, indawo yamanzi imelwa yi-Shushensky ibhantshi kwi-HPP yendawo. Emva kweNtaba ye Sayany, ijelo libukhali ngokukhawuleza, ukuya eMahinskaya HPP kwi-290 km. Inqoloba enkulu kunendlela eya eKhem yiKrasnoyarsk. Ubude bayo malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-360. Kule meko, ububanzi beentlambo kwezinye iindawo zidlula i-5 km. Ngokuphathelele iteksi, malunga nemitha engama-500. Ngokukufutshane nomlomo weTunguska ongaphantsi, idama lifikelela ngokubanzi-ukuya kwi-40 km, kunye ne-Ust-Port-ukuya kwi-150 km. Ngelo xesha, umlambo ugcina ubukhulu bawo kumgama ukususela kuma-2500 ukuya ku-5000 m. Ubunzulu bomlambo u-5 ukuya ku-30 m. Umqobo wokugqibela ulwandle yiiiLive zaseBrekhov, ezahlula ishaneli kwiindlela ezininzi. Ububanzi bubanzi be-strait ngu-50 km. Inqaku lokugqibela lomzila yiLwandle lweKara. Idibanisa nomkhono we-Yenisei Bay.

Izixhobo zommandla wamanzi

Ulwalathiso lweMlambo iYenisei lucacile: ukusuka kumzantsi luya ngqo kumntla. Ummandla wamanzi weHema uhlelwe njengokutya okuxubekileyo. Esi sibonakaliso sinqunywe ziintlobo zemithombo. Inxalenye enkulu yequla likhephu, li-48%. Ezi zilandelayo ziyimvula yamanzi - 36% kunye nomhlaba-16%. Isibonakaliso samandla sithetha umthombo wokugcwalisa indawo yamanzi ngamanzi. Ukusuka kubo, kwakhona, ukuhamba komlambo kuxhomekeke.

I-Yenisei iqalisa ukukhanda ekuqaleni kukaOktobha. Kwiindawo ezisezantsi zebhasini kukho ukuqhoqhoqhoqhoqhoqhoqhoqhoqhoqho, okuya kuphele ukuphela kukaNovemba. Kwiimimandla yeentaba, amaqabunga amakhulu e-ice often appear. Ngethuba lokusasaza kufike umkhukula, ngezinye iimeko zengxamiseko. Kwiindawo eziphezulu kummandla wamanzi, kukho izikhukula eziphambili zendawo yokuhlala eziselunxwemeni ezidlulayo kude kube phakathi kwehlobo. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi okuphantsi kuncinci kuvela kumthombo womlambo - 1009 cubic meters. M / s, enkulu kunazo zonke - e-Igarka (ngaphezulu kwe-18,000 cubic m / s). Ngokutsho kweendlela zokuhamba, i-Hem ithatha indawo yokuqala kwilizwe. Umthamo wonyaka uhluka kwi-630 cubic meters.

Iintlanzi kunye nokudibanisa

Umlomo woMlambo we-Yenisei uhambelana, kodwa ishaneli esele ihlangene rhoqo kwezinye izitya ezinkulu. Amaqhosha amaninzi kunye neenhloko zeHema yi-Abakan, iSm, iKantegir, iYlogui, iHeta, iDubce, iTanama, iTuba, iSisim, iTunguska, Us, iBakta, iRirka, i-Angara, iDudinka, iKezezh, i-Haytayka kunye nabanye. Ingqikithi, imilambo engaphezu kwe-500 iza kuhamba emanzini amanzi, ubude bawo bubungakanani malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-300 zamawaka.

Kule ndawo, i-rightbutton right to dominate the left. Lapha umlambo ohamba phambili u-Angara. Nangona kunjalo, yonke iminyaka eyi-10-12, i-Tunguska engaphantsi ihamba phambi kwayo ngamanzi. Isizathu salo msebenzi we-hydrological yinto ephantsi komhlaba kunye neqhwa elichithwayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba emva kwendawo yokudibanisa ne-Angara, i-Yenisei yanamhlanje ibhekwa njenge-Angara. Konke malunga nokugqwesa ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu ezifana nommandla wokuqokelela kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu zaseRashiya zibiza le ndawo yiYenisei-Angara. Ukuhlanganiswa komlambo kubonakala kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo.

The Great Yenisei

Ummandla wamanzi uhlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo ye-hydrological yaseRashiya. Ubude bomlambo bungaphezu kwama-605 km kunye nommandla wendawo yokuhlambela ka-56.8 yeekhilomitha ezili-square. Km. Umlinganiselo wamanzi wokukhutshwa kwamanzi uguquka malunga ne-585 cubic metres. M / s. Esi simboli seMlambo i-Yenisei sinquma umgangatho wendawo ebanzi yommandla waseKhem. Umthombo uthathwa njengelitye elithi Kara-Balyk. Ukuphakama kwayo ngaphezu kwezinga elwandle elingu- 1521 m. Umlambo uthathwa njengenxalenye yolawulo yaseRiphabhulikhi yaseTuva. Indlela yokuthumela ilula i-285 km ukusuka emlonyeni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe umxholo wamanzi aphezulu kweli candelo lommandla. Kucaciswa yindawo enkulu kunye nobunzulu be-Todzha. Ukukhululeka kwayo kuvumela ukuba kubekho isitya esikhulu sokuloba. E-Biy-Khem, malunga namaqela amabini amakhulu aphuma, iwona mkhulu kunayo yiSystyg, Toora neKhamsara.

Inxalenye enxantye yamanxweme kumngcele kunye neBuryatia kunye ne-Irkutsk. Kukho nenkcazo ekhethekileyo yemeko yomlambo. I-Yenisei ihamba ngeentsikelelo zeentaba-ntsuku ezi-9 ezingasebenzi. Ngenxa yendawo enobungozi, lo mmandla awunakutshitshiswa yintombi ngenxa yokunyuka kwemveliso. Namhlanje eli dama limelelwe yiLake Azas, ebizwa ngokuba yindawo egcinwe kuyo kwaye ibhenkisana nabakhenkethi kwihlabathi lonke.

Imbali yokuthumela

Okwangoku, i-Yenisei iyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yothutho kunye nomshishini weRashiya. Iinqanawa ezinkulu kunye neencinci zihamba ngeenxa zonke emlanjeni. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yendawo enzima kunye nesiganeko esibukhali kwindawo yamanzi, iintlekele zihlala zifumaneka. Emuva ngo-1877, inqanawa ethi "Thames" kunye ne-schooner ebizwa ngokuthi "iLintern Lights" yahlaselwa. Ukusuka kubini boogqirha bakwazi ukuhlala kwiinqununu. Ngethuba eliya ku-1892 ukuya ku-1941, ngenxa yeqhekeza elinzima leqhwa, malunga neenqwelo ezilikhulu.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Yenisei isengozini ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezikhukula ezingapheliyo. Ngenxa yoko, iinqanawa ezininzi zithola imingxuma kwimimandla yeentaba.

Inkathazo yendalo

Namhlanje, izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu kwisikhululo samandla kagesi zixhumene noMlambo waseYenisei. Ngo-2009, ngenxa yezikhukula ze-Shushenskiy basin, izinto zeekhemikhali kunye namafutha anobungozi angena emanzini. Kwakhona, iiholo ezininzi kunye neendawo ezibalulekileyo zesitishi zatshatyalaliswa. Isiphumo sentlekele kwakuyininzi yobomi babasebenzi beesitulo samanzi.

Ingozi yengozi yayibizwa ngokuba yimpahla endala, eyayiyimeko engxamisekileyo. Ukuphuma kwamanzi ngo-2009 kuye kwaba yintlekele yabantu kunye neentlekele kwilizwe lonke. Kuphela konyaka kamva kwakunokwenzeka ukuphelisa ngokukhawuleza umonakalo kwengozi, kulinganiselwa kwi-ruble eziyi-22 ezigidi. Ngo-2014, urhulumente wabelwe imali efana neyo-modern-day ye-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, ukwenzela ukukhusela inhlekelele ephindaphinda.

Indawo ephumelelayo

Umlambo udlula kwiindawo zokuhlala ezifana neSanoanogorsk, Kyzyl, Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Novoselovo, iZheleznogorsk, Cheryomushki, iTurukhansk, i-Divnogorsk, i-Ust-Port, iMinusinsk, iKaraus nabanye. Amanxweme amaninzi asebenza phakathi kweedolophu. Intsha iyona ndlela ehamba phambili ekhokelela kumgwaqo we-M53.

Phantse zonke iindawo zokuhlala kwamanzi aseYenisei zinokufikelela ngqo kulwandle. Oku kuququzelela ukuthuthwa kwemithwalo emikhulu. Kwi-gutter yomlambo, izitishi zombane zamandla ombane zisebenza ngokukhawuleza, zinikela imimandla yonke ngombane.