Maria Raevskaya: engobomi, ubomi yakho. Volkonskaia Maria Nikolaevna

Eli nenekazi liselula slim yaye mhle kunye curls abamnyama obukhulu iphumelele intliziyo Pushkin ngokwakhe, ngubani ingqalelo kuyo Ndithelekelele yakhe yemibongo. Umbhali UNikolai Nekrasov immortalized umfanekiso wakhe kulo mbongo ongafiyo "abafazi Russian". Oku kulo msebenzi, uchaza nzulu uhlobo kubafazi Decembrists, lowo uya lithemba ukuzincama ngenxa intsapho. Maria Raevskaya, amanene ngokuzalwa, nobuganga ukwabelana isiphelo onzima indoda yakhe bamlandela eSiberia. Kakade ke, kufuneka kuthathwa njengesenzo ubuqhawe, ebinokuthi yenze zakho kuphela. Yaye ukuba bangazange babe namava iimvakalelo olunzulu Prince Volkonsky, kodwa ityala lakhe kuye Maria Raevskaya sizaliseke. Yintoni eyaziwayo biography of a noblewoman? Qwalasela lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Iminyaka esakhula

Volkonskaia Maria Nikolaevna (nee Raevskaya) wazalwa ngomhla ngoJanuwari 6, 1806 kwilifa iifanela kwiphondo Chernigov. Uyise (Nicholas) wayeligosa owaziwayo abathabatha inxaxheba amaphulo ezinkulu yamajoni 18 - kwenkulungwane ye-19.

Umama (Nozipho Alexeyevna) yi kulwalamano kunye sisazinzulu Mihailom Lomonosovym. Abazali yonke into eyimfuneko Maria Raevskaya wafumana akhuliswe eyiyo nemfundo phakathi kweendonga Manor. Intsapho kaninzi e Kiev ne St Petersburg, waba amaqhina olusondeleyo nabantu abafundileyo kwaye ekrelekrele. Njengoko elivisayo, Maria lufundwa kakuhle ukudlala umculo kwi ipiyano kunye ubuchule iilwimi ezininzi, wamthanda ukufunda incwadi evela kwithala ekhaya. Uyise nonina amehlo ingqondo yakhe ibuye ibe intombi slim kwaye mhle kunye iqinelwa anencasa abanekratshi kancinane. Akumangalisi ukuba elinesihlanu Maria Raevskaya wenza okudodobalisa emana intliziyo wembongi enkulu. Yena ngokoqobo waba unqulo wayo.

Volkonskie Pushkin

Malunga ubuhlobo Alexander Sergeyevich Rajewski ebhaliweyo lukhulu. Kodwa xa efika ubazi - solo ayaziwa. Wayitshabalalisa ilungu lentsapho imibongo yabo intle, musa ukukufihla ukuba unekratshi ubuhlobo nabo. Imbongi kumbongo sungula ku Vladimir Davydov, ngentlonelo ubiza intsapho kwigosa Russian "Rajewski wam ...". Ke yena wathetha ilifa iifanela ezininzi iileta. Pushkin njengogqubutheleyo ukhankanya intsapho kwimibongo yakhe. Eminye imifanekiso kumbongo ongafiyo "Eugene Onegin" ithathwa ngqo oodade Rayevskys.

Alexander, bethetha usapho Borodino edabini, wayefuna ukwazi ifilosofi neemfihlelo iinzulu abaziingqondi Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19. Le mbongi wayehambe Rajewski, zakubon 'ukuba zenziwe kwi eCrimea, neCaucasus, kumazantsi eRashiya.

Ntombi igosa odumileyo nembongi enkulu

Ngoku kucacile ukuba akukho ukuqondana uMariya Raevskaya ebomini Pushkin bakhe.

Emva ngo-1820, imbongi waya kwelinye ukuya eCaucasus Rajewski. Wayeneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, yena - 21. Maria Nikolaevna wakhumbula indlela, xa uhamba inqwelo udade wayo, umphathi, kunye Pushkin, bayeka babubone elwandle. Yakhawuleza intombi wayefuna ukuba kufutshane emanzini, kunye Alexander oselula, lulindele umnqweno wakhe, amlandela. inkanuko amaphupho imbongi bakhe sichaza kwisahluko sokuqala "Eugene Onegin":

"... Ndikhumbula ulwandle phambi kokuba isaqhwithi:
Indlela nomona ngamaza,
Ukubaleka ukulandelana olunobudlova
Xa uthando ukuba alale ezinyaweni zakhe! "

Oku nje omnye amaqhekeza ezininzi, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ngokwenene Maria Raevskaya e Pushkin wayedlala ivayolin kuqala ...

ukhenketho ayilibale

Kwaye ngoko kwakukho uhambo yothando Gurzuf. Imbongi kunye nosapho Rayevskys wahlala kwi-Pomakazi ntofontofo iNkosana Richelieu.

Uhlobo elihle - iintaba, ulwandle, iigadi eluhlaza - nobutshaba luthando, yaye, ke, Alexander waqalisa ukubonisa umdla Maria Nikolaevna. Kodwa ukuba yakhe yedwa. Kwakhona udade wabo bewitches ulutsha Pushkin kunye nobuhle. Ingakumbi intombi enkulu UNikolai Nikolaevich, owayeneminyaka ngemvelo inenekazi othobekileyo kakhulu. Iintsuku uchithe Rayevskys intsapho Gurzuf, babevuyiswa ebomini imbongi elikhulu. Abenqwenela ukufunda intombi mibongo i-Jikelele, kuxoxwe nayo ngayo imisebenzi Byron kunye uVoltaire.

Ayizange ukusebenza ngaphandle ...

Kodwa ukuba sisondele omnye komnye Pushkin noMariya Raevskaya? Ibali nothando sibini, kakade, abanomdla bonke ababemhlonela italente wembongi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle ubuhlobo, Yomelela neemvakalelo enzulu umfazi elizayo Aleksandru Sergeevichu Decembrist yake. Ngaphezu koko, Maria waphawula ukuba Alexander oselula njengokuba ebona oodade wabo. Kodwa ke akazange athathe nzulu imbongi. Kodwa imibongo Pushkin ukuba Maria Raevskaya kuthetha lukhulu. Laliyihlonela indlela Alexander kakuhle kakuhle ubuchule anemvano kwaye ephepheni ukuba ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo. Ndiselula umdlalo ingqondo yaguquka ngokuthe uthando lokwenene. Kwaye Pushkin, ngokuba neentloni kunye into yokuba uthando lwakhe, mhlawumbi, ekugqibeleni, nabuganga bathi ngeemvakalelo zabo, kodwa kuphindaphindeko zange yimpumelelo. Kamva Alexander kakhulu bakhathazekile ngothando ezingabuyekezekiyo, leyo, Kakade, lubonakala emsebenzini wakhe.

Ukuba kukho omnye "The Fountain ye Bakhchisarai" kuphela, leyo, ngokutsho Gustav Olizara waba ukuzahlulela eqaqambileyo kuMaria Nikolaevna. Pushkin waqhubeka ukunxibelelana Ndithelekelele lakhe eSt Petersburg eMoscow.

Kanti ke, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, kwakukho ixesha xa Raevskaya yaba ebona umbhali "evgeniya Onegina". Lo kwisiqingatha sokuqala 20, xa Maria Nikolaevna kunye Alexander Pushkin e Odessa yabamba intlanganiso. Kungekudala ngaphambi koko, yena wabhala ileta eya Pushkin, leyo wavuma ukuba ukusilela ngokuqatha kuluntu lwakhe. Noko ke, ngelo xesha Pushkin babesele waphelelwa ngumdla eziliqela yeemyuziyam zayo waza wagqiba ukuba umxelele buqu. Kwaye wenza njalo. Emva koko, Maria Raevskaya, engobomi equlethe okuninzi samanqaku umdla ophawulekayo, wakhawuleza ukuya ukusuka Odessa ukuya eKiev.

ixesha lokugqibela imbongi idibene Ndithelekelele yakhe ebusika 1826, ngaphambi nje kokuba ahambe ekuthinjweni. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa Maria Raevskaya ebomini Pushkin babeshiya a ubukho enkulu.

umyeni uxakekile

Noko ke, ukuze aphumelele ingqalelo ingqondo Alexander Sergeyevich oselula kanye okhuphisanayo. Sithetha ukubala Polish Gustav Olizara ukuba, kanye njengokuba Pushkin, wafundela izibongo. Lithi nalo wawabetha inkangeleko Maria Nikolaevna. Ngowe-1824 wada woo wentombazana, kodwa UNikolai kuthelekiswa le mbono, kuba kwaguquka iingcambu Polish ndinokuba-mthetho.

Kwaye ngoko Pushkin wahlangatyezwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo nogxa wakhe, yaye wayencokola naye kwizihloko zoncwadi. Ukuba ngenye indlela, kodwa izibonda Olizara intombi ka-General Rajewski na iimvakalelo zothando ezithile, waza waba buhlungu gqitha oko. Maria Nikolaevna akazange afune tie isiphelo zabo iindwalutho "ngqo" kuba kwabonakala umahluko nzulu kakhulu kwi Russian kunye nendlela Polish yobomi.

prince

Emva kwexesha elithile, bayahlelwa uya Mariyu Raevskuyu kunye ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu Prince Sergei Volkonsky, ebeyinalo kwintsapho amanene. Ebutsheni bakhe wakhonza Lieutenant le Guards Life-Calvary webutho. Abanamava kwimicimbi zomkhosi, Volkonskiy kakuhle iimfazwe ka-1806-1807 ngayo. Wandula ke inxaxheba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye namaphulo angaphandle. Ukunyuka ukuya kutsho kwisikhundla jikelele, Volkonskiy wabuyela kwilizwe labo. Ekuqaleni nenani-20 inkosana wanikwa umyalelo lonke olo hlula elihamba. umsebenzi wakhe wamajoni ukuba ingumona naliphi na igosa. Isiganeko kuphela ukuba wasala Sergei Grigorievich, kukuba Wabakhapha ubomi nefuna kuqala ukuba, nangona waye banesifo zakhe. Yena, efana abaninzi elite Russian, rhoqo watyelela sekungasekho Masonic.

Prince waba ubulungu kwi kuluntu Southern, yaye ngokufuthi watyelela isixeko kwi Neva River sothethathethwano. Kunye nabo ke saxoxa ingcamango ukutshatyalaliswa yasebukhosini kunye nokusekwa ifomu republic yelizwe karhulumente.

umshado

Ngowe-1824, Sergei G. khawuleza ukuya eKiev "kwi ishishini ebaluleke kakhulu." Ubecinga ukumenza isithembiso kuMaria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya yaye kuthenjwa ukuba uyise uya kusikelela umtshato wabo. Inkulu wayesazi ukuba intsapho ka-General Rajewski kwakunye nabakonwabelayo bahlala amagama abo, maxa wambi ukudala "intlanganiso ngemagnethi", nto leyo enyanisweni kwakukho iintlanganiso rhoqo kunye namalungu Masonic Lodge. Wabuza Orlov isicelo sakhe comrade ukuba UNikolai Nikolaevich, uze ubone ukuba uyavuma ukunika abatshatileyo Maria Nikolaevna. Yaye ekugqibeleni umthetheli Rajewski wazohlwaya ngenxa yokuba imeko yezemali intsapho yakhe ezizanyazanyiswayo kakhulu, kwaye Volkonsky wayeyindoda esisityebi. Nangona Maria Nikolaevna nto ngayo Sergei Grigorievich, wagqiba ekubeni ukuthobela intando kayise. Ngokuba izinto eentsapho zabo, oko babingelela ngokwayo. Ke kaloku, emva kwentlanganiso Pushkin e Odessa ubomi bakhe ukusa kumkhamo othile yalahlekelwa intsingiselo yalo.

Emva kwexesha elithile yomtshato Volkonskaia Maria Nikolaevna yaba mnandi, kwaye kukubopha, kwafuneka ukuba aye Odessa. Prince ukuhamba naye ayaba nako ngenxa inkonzo. Ewe, kwaye ngobuhlobo ngokomoya phakathi Sergei Grigorievich nentombi Rajewski yavuka. Wayengakwazi ukuthatha unonophelo wakhe, kude ngexesha xa inkosazana wayekhulelwe. Ukuzalwa wawunzima yaye nefuthe elibi kwimpilo Maria Nikolaevna.

Ngokukhawuleza ukujikeleza nxi

Waza wafumanisa malunga ukubanjwa yendoda yakhe. Nabavukeli ubunzima ukufa ngqwabalala: umlawuli wayalela ukuba elubhacweni eSiberia. Sergei Volkonsky iminyaka engama-20 yomsebenzi onzima. UMariya isigqibo sokushiya umyeni wakhe aye emva kwakhe.

Noko ke, abazali ukugxeka kakhulu ukufunda yayo. Kodwa Volkonskaia Maria Nikolaevna (umfazi Decembrist), ilifa ubuntu kayise, wabonisa ingqibelelo kunye nezimvo nezalamane zabo zingahoywa. Yena ubavelele Blagodatskikh am Petrovsky mveliso, kunye Chita. Ntombi General Rajewski ekwabelwana nomyeni wakhe bonke ubunzima yobomi ekuthinjweni. nobunzima ngokwenene obukhulu ubunzima Volkonskaia Maria. Abantwana inkosazana wafa: kuqala, Nicholas wahlala unonophelo izalamane, kunye neminyaka emibini kamva, kunye nentombi Sophia, owazalelwa ekuthinjweni. Ekwindla ka-1829, wafa Jikelele UNikolai Nikolaevich Rajewski.

E Irkutsk, Maria wahlala endlwini kasodolophu. Kwisiqingatha sesibini 30 neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaia kunye nomyeni wakhe nabantwana bafudukela azinze kwidolophana Urik, ibekwe elingekude Irkutsk.

Inkululeko kudala elindelwe

Kuphela ngo1856 Volkonsky wavumela uxolelo ukubuyela ekhaya. Ngexesha Maria Nikolaevna yezempilo kuphe- kakhulu. Emva kokuba efikile evela eSiberia, waqalisa ukubhala memoirs ngokuphila kwakhe. "Memoirs" yakhe ishicilelwe amaxesha amaninzi.

ukufa

Princess wayengekho-10 Agasti 1863. Oogqirha kwafunyaniswa ukuba isifo sentliziyo yakhe. Maria Nikolaevna wangcwatywa elalini yakhe iifanela kwiphondo Chernigov.