Louis XVI: ibhayografi emfutshane, abantwana

Korol Lyudovik XVI wazalwa kwi Ibhotwe Versailles Agasti 23, 1754. Kwakhona wafumana isihloko iNkosana Berry. Uyise wakhe Dauphin (yindlalifa prsetola) Louis Ferdinand, owathi yena, wayengunyana ka- kaKumkani French Louis XV.

ebuntwaneni

Njengoko umntwana, umntwana wesibini kubantwana abasixhenxe. Umntakwabo omdala yaba nobizo, owathi wafa eneminyaka eli-9 ngo-1761. Nangona Lyudovik ros emthunzini wawo, abazali abazange bakuphawule oko. Wayelithanda ngokuzingela, nto leyo ngokufuthi waya utatomkhulu olawulayo. Kanye ngo-1765 ukususela sisifo sephepha, wafa kayise, i Dauphin isihloko zigqithiswe umntwana oneminyaka eli-11 ubudala. Waqalisa ukuqeqesha ezingxamisekileyo ukulungiselela etroneni, leyo ilifa uyisemkhulu wakhe ngoku.

yindlalifa

Ngowe-1770, i-Louis XVI elizayo, owayeneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, utshate Marie Antoinette. Yena waye umzala ka Dauphin kwicala bonina, yaye intombi oyiNgcwele bamaRoma loMlawuli Franz I. Uluntu French baye ubutshaba umtshato, njengoko kutshanje eli lizwe sele ingene umfelandawonye ukumkani Austria yaye ubunzima ehlazisayo kwiMfazwe kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo (1756 - 1763). Emva koko, amathanga ezininzi zalahleka kuMntla Merika, maka UK. Isicoco isibini ixesha elide ukuba inzala, ngenxa leyo naxa France kwakukho amaphecana abuhlungu echaphazela umxholo zempilo Louis. Noko ke, ukususela 1778 ukuya 1786 wazalelwa abantwana 4 (oonyana 2 neentombi 2).

Indlalifa omncinci, ngenxa yobuchule bendalo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ukusuka utatomkhulu enamandla. Inkwenkwana oneentloni, cwaka, ezibekile yaye akazange abanakwanela inkundla ke yokumkani.

guqula

Ngowe-1774, Louis XV wafa, kwaye etroneni yokumkani omtsha wamiswa - Louis XVI. YoMlawuli sympathized kunye nezimvo yiEnlightenment, ngenxa yoko nangoko ugxothiwe abalungiseleli kwesigele ezininzi kunye nabacebisi zobukumkani lokugqibela, ezithi zahlule mva. Ngokukodwa, ezivela kwiNkundla wasikwa ecaweni Mam du Barry, i-Chancellor, njalo njalo. E. Ukuqhambuka iinguqu ezijoliswe kokukhatywa feudalism, ziye zancitshiswa kakhulu kwi iindleko layo yasebukhosini. Zonke ezi nguqu ziye isicelo yoluntu French, nto leyo efuna inkululeko yoluntu isiphelo kakubi ngabasemagunyeni.

Impendulo inkulu wafumana inguqu kwinkalo wezezimali. Comptroller Jikelele nkalo wamiselwa Turgot, ngubani ngokuqinileyo ezinxulumene utshintsho kwixesha elizayo. Wacela ukuba ukubuyisela irhafu, ukunyusa iirhafu kunye ziqwempu eziphezulu kakuhle-off yoluntu. izithuba amasiko lwangaphakathi exhakamfula abarhwebi, wabatshabalalisa yedwa zaye uyekwe. Ukuthengisa isonka ezamahala, nto leyo kakhulu lula ubukho iklasi yamahlwempu ukuba yaba omncinanana ebomini. Ngowe-1774, ephalamende zasekuhlaleni, awayenzayo imisebenzi leenkundla kunye predstvitelnyh imizimba ziye wachacha.

ukumelana Conservative

Phakathi abantu abaqhelekileyo, zonke ezi ngcamango baqonda ngemincili. Kodwa kwezakhi eliphezulu kuluntu French yenqaba amatsha iqalwa Korol Lyudovik XVI. Le nesithunzi abefundisi wayengafuni kuphulukana amalungelo abo. Kwakukho iimfuno ukukhetha kwisikhundla Turgot, yayingubani iphefumlelwe esingundoqo utshintsho. Louis XVI wazibalula indalo elingaqondakaliyo yaye, ke ngoko, zilishiye eli izikhulu. Turgot sachithwa, kwaye ezimalini yaqala nokungalawuleki. Abalungiseleli ezintsha kunye nabaphathi ayikwazanga ukwenza nantoni na hole owandayo lwabiwo-mali, kodwa uthathe imali-mboleko entsha kuphela ngemali. Amatyala ahlanganiswa kunye nokuhla kwingeniso yerhafu yengeniso. Ukongeza urhwebo kweli lizwe azaba nakuya i ingoma entsha ngexesha elinye, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba kwintlekele yoqoqosho emizini, kubandakanywa enxulumene yokunqongophala isonka.

vumelwano

Kungenxa yoku, kule minyaka 80th uLouis XVI noMariya Antuanetta babezama ngamaqhinga kwi nokutshintsha uluntu French. Siqale nokubonakaliswa yokuqala counter-hlengiso ejoliswe smoothing utshintsho olukhulu ngasekhohlo emva Turgot.

izithuba kwamagosa kunye abagwebi kwakhona ivalwe ukuya Estate yesiThathu. Yeenkosi abuyela kwindawo apho ukuhlawula iirhafu asezantsi. Konke oku kwabangela isiyaluyalu eluntwini. Ngaba aneliseke zonke izikhulu ukungaqiniseki wokumkani, abemi meko zoqoqosho ezinzima, kunye nabalimi koko baqalisa iinguqulelo ziye iphele.

Ngelo xesha, eFransi yathi inxaxheba War of Independence, leyo zenzeka North America. amathanga nemvukelo lafumana inkxaso yokuba eye wasinika uLouis XVI. Umsebenzi ukuba buthathaka i-UK efunekayo ukwenza kwicala efanayo kunye nabavukeli. Kwaba kakhulu ingaqhelekanga kwiikumkani elililo, enye yazo nangoku Louis XVI. biography olufutshane ukumkani uthi umgaqo-nkqubo ukumkani kwabangela ukunganeliseki with "noogxa 'yakhe - abalawuli Austrian, eRashiya njalo njalo ..

Ngelo xesha amagosa amaninzi French, ezinye umlo eMelika, wabuyela abantu ekhaya ezahlukeneyo. Baba yayintsha umyalelo endala lamazwana, apho feudalism kusekho luzikhulisile. Phezu kolwandle, ayecinga ukuba nkululeko. Igosa idumileyo kwale maleko yaba Zhilber Lafayet.

zezimali

Isiqingatha sesibini 80s yabalasela a imingeni emitsha mali kwilizwe ngokubanzi. Half-manyathelo athathwe yi-ukumkani abalungiseleli bakhe, yaba yangoonomgogwana bezizwe ngenxa kwawo yayo. umlinganiselo omtsha yaba kokubizwa wePalamente, ezisingelwe zaziswa werhafu zingaguquka. It yaqaliswa nguLouis XVI. Amafoto imifanekiso kunye nomfanekiso wakhe ubonise ukuba umlawuli njengoko kulindelekile enxibe, ngoxa kuRhulumente lobunzima kuvuthiwe. Kakade ke, lo baninzi ngentando nxamnye nokumkani. IPalamente wala ukunyanzelisa irhafu ezintsha, emva kwayo saa, kwaye amanye amalungu ayo babanjwa. Oku kwabacaphukisa phantse wonke umntu kweli lizwe. Ngenxa ukuvumelana, kwagqitywa ekubeni abize States-Jikelele.

i States-General

Intlanganiso yokuqala yebhunga omtsha ummeli kwenzeka ka1789. Ngaphakathi kuyo kwakukho amaqela eziliqela alwayo emele iyaxela ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Ngokukodwa, i-Estate Okwesithathu wathi ngokwayo iNdibano yesiZwe kunye wamema zithandwa kunye nabefundisi ukuba bazibandakanye eliphikisayo entsha. Yaba imizamo ngamandla kumkani, ekuthiwa kuThixo. Ukophulwa amasiko eyamkelekileyo ebezikho ebukumkanini kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, kwakuthetha ukuba iNdibano yesiZwe iye ibekwe ngokwalo njengoko izwi labantu.

Ekubeni estate eyesithathu ngesininzi kwi States-Jikelele, oko Uvale imimiselo ukumkani phezu ukubuyiselwa komyalelo endala. Oku kwathetha ukuba ngoku Louis bajamelana ukhetho: ukunyibilikisa ngenkani eUnited Jikelele, okanye ukuba angenise izigqibo zabo. YoMlawuli iye kwakhona wabonisa umnqweno wayo esichengeni, waza wacebisa abefundisi kunye nesithunzi ukujoyina lo mfelandawonye. Waba ngumlawuli siseko.

kwango

Ekutshintsheni iziganeko wenze izinto angqingqwa yoluntu French, othe gqolo ukuba omkhulu nowomeleleyo. Ukuguquguquka Louis waphulaphula iindwalutho nezidwangube, abo babefuna ukuba angene amajoni eParis kunye yokurhoxa lwabasunguli uhlaziyo olukhulu. Oku kwenziwa.

Emva koko, abahlali ka Paris ekuhleni prekratilii ukuthobela ukumkani Akreqa. July 14, ka1789 yathinjwa i Bastille - intolongo kunye uphawu absolutism. amanye amagosa izidwangube babulawa. Le meko kakhulu baqalisa ukwenza iiyunithi ze-National Guard, nto leyo ukukhusela impumelelo revolution. Usongo entsha, Louis waya phezu minyinyiva ngombana amabutho eParis wafika kwiBhunga leSizwe.

Xa intloko Revolution

Emva kokuba uloyiso Revolution baqalisa utshintsho olukhulu. Eyokuqala yatshatyalaliswa inkqubo feudal, obe eFransi ukususela kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ngelo xesha linye nyanga zonke uKumkani iphelelwe impembelelo yayo eyenzekayo emhlabeni. Power uqubha ezandleni zakhe. Onke amaziko karhulumente aye wakhubazeka kwikomkhulu kunye nakumaphondo. Esinye isiphumo shintsho yokuduka isonka eParis. Black, abahlala esixekweni, enomsindo wazama kungqinga imboniselo Versailles, iselithwasile nenyanga yokuhlala ka-Louis.

Abo bavukeli banyanzelisa ukuba ukumkani, waya kuhlala eParis ukusuka namadlelo. Kwikomkhulu, inkosi yaba de facto bathinjwa le nabavukeli. Ngokuthe ngcembe circle kwabo abaxhasi lakhula republic.

Usapho yasebukhosini, kakhulu, wakhathazeka. Louis XVI, kuxhomekeke Marii Antuanetty, eyayingafuni ngamandla abalweli oonyana kumkani kunye qela de zonke ngakumbi. Wacenga umyeni wakhe ukuba afune uncedo abalawuli zasemzini nabo ukoyika lakwaZulu ezamahala-iinkcuba ku France.

King Escape

Ngenxa yokuba ukumkani wahlala e-Paris, inyathelo revolution wafumana ihlazo ngokusemthethweni. E Versailles, siye sagqiba ukubaleka uLouis XVI. Wayefuna ukuya kuma kwi intloko yomkhosi anti-mbuso, okanye kwamanye amazwe, apho akwazi ukuba ahendwe ukukhokela amajoni abathembekileyo. Ngo1791, yonke indlu yakomkhulu lenqubo washiya eParis, kodwa yachongwa kwaye uyabanjwa Varennes.

Kukusindisa ubomi, Louis wathi exhasa ngokupheleleyo utshintsho olukhulu kweli lizwe. Ngeli xesha France sele ilungiselelwa ungquzulwano evulekileyo kunye ukumkani aseYurophu, abamoyikayo umzamo kwi oludala kweli lizwekazi. Ngowe-1792, Louis, iyasebenza ngqo kwi nomgqomo lomgubo, wathi imfazwe kwi Austria.

Nangona kunjalo, eli phulo ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni engahambanga. inxalenye Austria ye France ahlasela kwaye ke akasekude eParis. Esi sixeko yaqala isiphithiphithi, ibe abavukeli ezintsha wayithimba ebhotwe. Louis nentsapho yakhe bathunyelwa entolongweni. September 21, 1792 ukuba ngokusesikweni baphangwe kwisihloko yobukumkani bakhe waza waba ngummi eziqhelekileyo igama Capet. Okokuqala Republic lwabhengezwa eFransi.

Trial kunye nokubulawa

Le akuso kwabakhonkxiweyo ekugqibeleni phantsi xa enqabeni yakhe indawo ekhuselekileyo efihlakeleyo equlathe iileta ziyimfihlo kwaye amaxwebhu afunyanwa. Kuye kwacaca ukuba usapho wasebukhosini umdla nxamnye Revolution, ingakumbi, wafuna uncedo abalawuli amazwe. Ngeli xesha, i radicals bemlindile kuphela isingxengxezo balahle Louis.

Ngoko ke, lo kwetyala kunye ngemibuzo kwi Convention. Owayesakuba ukumkani ubekwe icala engozini ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Le ndibano yagqiba ukuba ummangalelwa ufanelwe kukufa. Ukubulawa Louis XVI yaqhutywa January 21, 1793. Xa wabonakala phezu itheko, amazwi akhe sokugqibela umbuzo bayahlelwa hambo, Jean-Fransua De La Perouse. Marie Antoinette wanqunyulwa intloko kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, ngo-Oktobha.

Ukwenziwa ukumkani kwakhokelela ekubeni ngookumkani yaseYurophu ekugqibeleni kumanyana nxamnye kwiRiphabliki. Iindaba yokushiywa Louis wabangela ukuba ad imfazwe eNgilani, Spain kunye Netherlands. Emva kwethutyana Russia wajoyina womanyano.