Lokubanga kweemarike - yintoni na le nto? Concept, ifomu esisiseko, imiphumo lokubanga

indoda Modern kunganzima ukuba kumangaliswa ubukho iintlobo amakhulu ezininzi itshizi kunye sawo, inani enkulu brand iimpahla kunye nezixhobo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oku basoloko bexakaniseka ubukho umvelisi omnye kuphela kolu shishino. Lokubanga yemarike - imeko apho umthengisi ethile uhlobo iimpahla okanye iinkonzo kubonakala inkampani enye kuphela okanye umntu. Kulo mzekelo, umsebenzisi akukho jika, kwanyanzeleka ukuba uyavumelana ixabiso iseti a. Lokubanga yemarike - nje ikwa yinkqubo apho yinkampani unako ukumvelisela amaxabiso ukuphelisa okhuphisana zabo. Kwaye ezi iinkampani ngokuyimfuneko ezinkulu, konke oko kuxhomekeke kubungakanani shishino apho asebenza.

ukuba nombono

Osoqoqosho ukuchonga iintlobo ezine izakhiwo zemarike efanelekileyo:

• ukhuphiswano Perfect. Kule meko, kukho inani elikhulu iimveliso ababambeleyo, yaye bangene bathengi ngokukodwa. Kuba wonke "ngesandla ongabonakaliyo."
• ukhuphiswano Monopolistic. Ishishini usebenza a lot of abenzi avelisa iimveliso ababambeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, le nkampani nokugcina ulawulo abanye phezu namaxabiso. Oku kugqiba amanqanaba lokubanga yemarike.
• Oligopoly. Kule meko, kukho iinkampani ezininzi avelisa iimveliso efanayo. Ukuba sikwazi ukuqulunqa isicwangciso eqhelekileyo, ukumisela amaxabiso kwezoshishino.
• Bodwa. Esi sakhiwo market unika enye kuphela umniki iimveliso, nto leyo eye ulawulo ngokupheleleyo phezu shishino.

iimpawu bodwa

ukuhlakanipha na ukuba ukhuphiswano ogqibeleleyo - oko phantse ilikhubalo, kwizibhambathiso phakathi iminqweno umthengisi kunye nomthengi. Imifanekiso zoqoqosho le isakhiwo njengesiseko. Kodwa kutheni, kule meko apho lokubanga neemarike? Oku kungenxa yokuba le meko kuluncedo kakhulu kumenzi. Okokuqala, esinakho ngcono inzuzo. Okwesibini, umenzi icwangcisa ixabiso iimveliso zayo ngokusebenzisa inkcazelo kwemveliso. Okwesithathu, xa iimeko abadla bodwa, kukho imiqobo emikhulu ukuba ukungena kolu shishino. ayikwazi kuphela umvelisi babesoyika ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kukhuphiswano.

imilo

Xa kukho lokubanga yemarike, ukhuphiswano kubume eliphuma yinto ebalulekileyo ukuze babone iintlobo yayo. Xa iyonke kukho ezintathu iintlobo bodwa :

• Natural. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu njongo. Oku kuthetha ukuba imfuno le mveliso kungcono uyaneliswa yinkampani enye. Isizathu ingaba inkqubo ethile imveliso okanye inkonzo lwabathengi. Umzekelo, amashishini ezinjalo ziquka unikezelo lwamandla, ubonelelo lwamanzi, zokuthutha.
• Administrative. Olu hlobo abadla bodwa idaliwe kunye nenxaxheba karhulumente. Ngawo imizimba yazo inikeza inkampani ethile ilungelo elikhethekileyo lokuba ukusebenza kolu shishino. Uqoqosho eSoviet iye yayiphethwe kakhulu. Uninzi lwamashishini phantsi kolawulo kumasebe kunye nabaphathiswa.
• abadla bodwa Economic - yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo. Ukubonakala kwaso edibene ngokwayo kwamashishini. A indawo bodwa kwimarike kunokukhokelela zombini uphuhliso oluqhubekayo kunye lonke okukhawulezileyo eyinkunzi ngenxa yokufunyanwa kunye nemibutho ngokuzithandela.

Imigaqo lokubanga imarike

izakhiwo echazwe asenokuyilwa ngokweesirisi yokufunyanwa yi ezinye iinkampani kwaye kwasekwa ngokwendalo-mveliso ethile. Ngaba badalwa kunye norhulumente. Lokubanga yemarike - yinkqubo apho iziko - izizathu ezithathu eziphambili:

• Ukuvelisa inkampani enye zitshiphu eziliqela. Kule meko sithethe a abadla bodwa yendalo.
• Enye inkampani nguye umnikazi izibonelelo kakhulu ezinqabileyo okanye technologies. Umzekelo, inkampani Xerox ngexesha olawula ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yokwenza iikopi. Ulwazi kule nkqubo akhuselwe patents. Le bodwa kwezoqoqosho.
• Ukunika ishishini likarhulumente-ngqo ilungelo elikhethekileyo ukuthengisa impahla ethile. Kulo mzekelo, a-ebizwa ngokuba bodwa yezolawulo. Kwamanye amazwe, le fomu kuphela kuvumelekile kumthetho.

Imithombo kwamandla bodwa

Xa iimeko ukhuphiswano ofezekileyo, ixabiso lilingana-avareji yeendleko abekelwe of mveliso esebenza kweli candelo. Xa esinakho nto iphezulu. Ngoko ke, lo ukwakhiwa kwemarike kwaye kubonakala kwakungekanqweneleki abathengi. umncedisi bodwa eliyiNtloko yimiqobo ukuba ukungena kolu shishino. Ezi ukunqanda ukhuphiswano. Phakathi kwabo:

• imiqobo kwezoqoqosho.
• ngokomthetho.
• izenzo ngabom.

Iqela lokuqala luquka elona nani likhulu amanyathelo ezingqongqo. Ezi ziquka kuqoqosho ngokubanzi. ubukhulu abadibeneyo ivumela ukuba ukunciphisa iindleko kakhulu, inkampani eqhelekileyo nje ayikwazi ukukhuphisana nabo ngexabiso le mveliso. Ngoko ke, imisebenzi yabo ibe nempumelelo ngenxa yeendleko kwempahla eveliswe ngabo likhulu kakhulu.

Esinye isinyanzelo kwezoqoqosho - yimfuneko ngenxa yotyalo-mali. Ukuba ufuna ukuqalisa ukuvelisa izixhobo ezixabisa, oko kuya kuthintela ukuvela okhuphisana. Abadla bodwa usenokuba unokuzuza zeteknoloji okanye bakhonze umnini kwezibonelelo zendalo eziyimfuneko ukuze kukhululwe impahla.

Ngokumalunga yokunqongophala zomthetho, eli qela ibandakanya amalungelo obunini kushicilelo nokuthengiswa komsebenzi, kuquka patents. Banika lodwa ilungelo elikhethekileyo imveliso okanye ukukhululwa ubuchwepheshe yayo.

Iqela lesithathu iquka izithintelo ezahlukeneyo iintshukumo ngabom zithathiwe yedwa ngenjongo yokuthintela uphuhliso ukhuphiswano kolu shishino. Umzekelo, ungafaka izilangazelelo zabo urhulumente ngoncedo izenzo ezahlukeneyo zenkohlakalo.

bodwa yemvelo

Le fomu ichazwa ukwakhiwa kwemarike zidla baphathwa ngokwahlukileyo. Oku kubangelwa mpikiswano luncedo kwayo hayi kuphela lodwa, kodwa kwakhona kubathengi. Oku kwenzeka xa kukho ixabiso elikhulu kuqoqosho ngokubanzi. abadla bodwa Natural imeko apho inkampani enye inika emarikeni imveliso ngexabiso eliphantsi kunokuba bekuya kuba benza amashishini ezimbalwa. A Umzekelo okumangalisayo - namanzi kunye nombane. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba bodwa yendalo azinabungozi ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, kufuneka ukulawula urhulumente.

Kushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe

Uqoqosho lwehlabathi liya iphenjelelwa jikelele kunye jikelele. Ezi nkqubo zimbini banoxanduva into eyenzekayo lokubanga yeenkonzo yemarike kunye neenkonzo kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zezakhiwo:

• nabanye abekwa. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, ziquka inkxalabo ukutya "Nestle" neoli "Standard Oli of New Jersey." Zombini ezi nkampani ze ikomkhulu lesizwe eye imali kuzo, yaye kwinqanaba ngamazwe umsebenzi wayo. Uninzi ubuchule babo obunemveliso ayifumaneki kweli lizwe ekhaya.
• nabanye International. Kule hlobo ekunokuthiwa trust "Agfa-Gefert", oko kukuthi inxaxheba ekwenziweni kweemveliso nomsi. Olu hlobo abadla bodwa na ngamazwe omabini isigaba umsebenzi wayo, kwaye kwi equity imali.

izinto zasekhaya

Le lokubanga emarike IsiRashiya iingcambu zembali. Kwi-USSR, urhulumente phantse kulawulwa ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yokuhla kwimveliso eRashiya iye ngokuthe ukwehla kwemfuno iimveliso zamashishini - nkulu abadibeneyo zendalo, ngaphandle ozenzelayo kuqhagamshelwano. Oku kwakhokelela kukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuzo. Njengoko ukuba data mboni stem-ke esabangela kwamaxabiso. Ezinye Osoqoqosho sibona imiphumela emibi lokubanga yemarike njengoko into ephambili kwentlekele eRashiya.