Lithuanian ngokufutshane imbali

Kaloku Imbali emfutshane Lithuania - Yingxelo umdla natyebileyo. Ilizwe lweBaltic ubekhona emikhakheni ezahlukeneyo. Yaba Confederation yezizwe yobuhedeni, i-Grand Duchy onamandla, kuquka inxalenye enkulu ilizwe Russian, ilungu umanyene ePoland, iphondo Russian uBukhosi kunye Federal Republic kwi-USSR. Oku elide kunye indlela olunameva kwakhokelela ukuvela imeko namhlanje Lithuania.

lidala

Imbali lwasekuqaleni of Lithuania yaqala kule nkulungwane BC yeshumi. e. Malunga neli xesha endaweni yayo na zokuhlala engabantu. abahlali Neman Valley Sizibandakanye ekulobeni nokuzingela.

Xa BC nkulungwane yesibini. e. phakathi Dvina Koloni Vistula waqalisa ukuba baphuhlise inkcubeko wookhokho zezizwe lweBaltic. Baba bronzes kuqala. Phantse ngo VI BC leminyaka. e. lasasazwa izixhobo zentsimbi Balts. Ngenxa izixhobo ezintsha (umz kuphuculwe amazembe) kwamahlathi okukhawulezileyo phambili kwezolimo.

Le ababengaphambi ngoko nangoko le Lithuanians baba Aukštaitija kunye Zhmud owayehlala kufutshane Prussians kunye yatvagami. Ezi zizwe inkalo ebalaseleyo. Zombini sangcwatywa amahashe abantu wathetha indima ebalulekileyo yezi zilwanyana kuqoqosho ngoko Balt.

Ngomhla olwandulela ukuvela karhulumente

Phakathi kwezinye izizwe lweBaltic Lithuanians kwakhona Bahlala kunye nokuxubana, lowo alwa kwaye wasebenza. Abemi ezintlanjeni i Nemunas kunye Neris kuzingelwa nje kuphela ukuzingela, ukuloba kunye nokulima. Baye Sizibandakanye ukufuywa wax kufunxwa. Products zinongqameko zabo, ezi abahedeni zathengiswa kutshintshiselwano kokusilela kwi intsimbi kunye nezixhobo.

History of Lithuania ngoko nje imbali yazo naziphi na abanye abantu kunye nobudlelwane yezizwe. Kancane amandla wabathetheli (kunigasov). Kwakukho nababingeleli vaydeloty. On leeholide, i Lithuanians bazisa oothixo babo umbingelelo izilwanyana (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abantu).

Ukudibanisa Lithuania

Political self-mbutho wathabatha izizwe lweBaltic kwinkulungwane XII, xa zenkolo yokuqala waseJamani kwaqala ukuvela kwi umda welizwe labo. odolo abangamaKristu baye baqalisa yokwanda emkhosini, Walimisa injongo lokubhaptiza iintlanga. Ngenxa ingozi kwabasemzini imbali Lithuania zayo liyagungqa ukuba sikwinqanaba entsha.

Ngokutsho isatifikethi esisayinwe umthetheli Compostela-Volyn nabamelwane zayo lweBaltic ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII, emazweni yabo yahlulwa phakathi 21 Duke. Kungekudala phakathi kwabo wema Mindaugas, owayelawula ngowe-1238-1263 gg. Wakwazi kuqala ukuze kumanyaniswe ngokupheleleyo Lithuania phantsi kwegunya layo kuphela.

Mindaugas wayengqongwe ziintshaba. Xa imfazwe phakathi kwakhe kunye Order Livonian, inkosana sabahedeni yagqiba ukuguqukela kubuKristu. Ngowe-1251 wabhaptizwa. Oku kwanika Mindaugas acele inkxaso ye-Pope kwimfazwe nenye utshaba - Daniilom Galitskim. Ngenxa yoko, i Lithuanians woyisa nokuxubana. Ngaphambi nje kokufa Mindaugas nethe ubuKristu, ukwamkelwa apho luthatyathwa kushenxa ozakuzo, waza wenza umfelandawonye Aleksandrom Nevskim, sibhekiswe yiJamani. Ngowe-1263 wabulawa Mindaugas ngu belali yakhe namanye kunye Dovmont Treniota.

The Grand Duchy

Imbali aphakathi kwe Lithuania waqhubeka ngokuhambelana orientation ukuya ngasempuma. Balta izikhulu wenza imitshato dynastic kunye Rurikovich yaye phantsi kwempembelelo Slavic. Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIII iqala ukukhula indawo Lithuanian. Yena uncediswa (rhoqo ngokuzithandela) izilawuli Russian, leyo, ngoxa abanqwenela ukuhlawula irhafu ukuya Mongols, simanywe kunye nabamelwane babo.

Ngowe-1385 umlawuli Lithuania Jagiello wenza union olusondeleyo Poland yaye ngenxa yoko ke wonyulwa uKumkani Poland. Emva koko wabhaptizwa ilizwe lakhe isiko yamaKatolika, nangona uninzi Russian kobuOthodoki babeqhubeka bephila. Ngowe-1392 Jogaila wenza isekela lakhe Lithuania Vytautas. Nangona ubume babo, enyanisweni umthetheli wahlala ezizimeleyo. Xa lwaphela kwimbali ekuqaleni Lithuania - eli lizwe lifikelele ncopho bamandla ayo.

Ngowe-1410 Vytautas, kunye Jagiello woyisa leTeutonic Knights kwi Idabi Grunwald, emva koko kartel uyaphuma basongela kokuzimela Grand Duchy. Empumalanga, Lithuania iye yafakwa ESmolensk, nakwelasezantsi yommandla yayo ibandakanya Kyïv nje kuphela, kodwa waphuma waya kuLwandle Black.

Union ne Poland

Emva kokufa Vytautas ngo-1430, Lithuania kuxhaphaka ngoku kuya kusiba phantsi kwempembelelo Polish. Zombini amazwe balawulwa yasebukhosini ubukhosi Jagiellonian. Sixhasa ukubaluleka yamaKatolika. Malunga neli xesha kwakukho odumileyo Hill of ezime Lithuania. Imbali isahlakalo kwesinye ezinika ephambili lizwe ayaziwa. Kodwa oko sele kuqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane Lithuanians tyelela le ndawo, anisekele iminqamlezo kukhona uqobo. Ngokutsho inkolelo ethandwayo, baya kuzisa amathamsanqa.

Ngowe-1569, phakathi Poland kunye Lithuania satyikitywa i-Union of Lublin, ephawulwe ekuqaleni Commonwealth. Engafani lowo wathatha Jagiello. Ukususela ngoko, ezi mazwe mabini imithetho kumkani lowo ikhetha basebukhosini (izikhulu). Ngelo xesha, yaye ePoland, kunye Lithuania zihlala ziyiprophathi yomkhosi kunye nenkqubo yomthetho.

Inxalenye yoBukhosi Russian

Njengalo naluphi na ilizwe laseYurophu, imbali Lithuania osisityebi zombini amahla kunye ndinyuka. Ngenkulungwane XVII, emva kwethuba nozinzo Commonwealth sele iqalile inkqubo lalisiya. Yawa kude kwiindawo ezintsha eli lizwe. yalahleka inxalenye ebalulekileyo Ukraine. Ukumkani ezimbini ibe phantsi kwengcinezelo evela ezintlangeni ezingabamelwane - Sweden naseRashiya. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII Rzeczpospolita iye ingene wakha noPetros I nxamnye ubukumkani bangasentla yaseScandinavia, okwenze kuye ilahleko yomonakalo indawo.

Ekubeni Poland and Lithuania baba kwicandelo yempembelelo Russian. Ekupheleni kwale Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ngenkulungwane XVIII kwaye yahlulwa phakathi kubamelwane ezinkulu. ilizwe layo baya Prussia, Austria naseRashiya (le yokugqibela kuquka Lithuania njengelifa). Ukulahleka ukuzimela, kubahlali Commonwealth akazange aneliseke. Kwinkulungwane XIX kwakukho luqhankqalazo eziliqela Polish kunye Lithuanian yesizwe. Omnye wabo wawa War Patriotic ka-1812. Kunjalo, iRashiya iye igcinwe ngokufumana Western, nayo leyo ebandakanya Lithuania. Imbali lizwe iminyaka emininzi enxulumene ngokuqinileyo kunye Romanov ubukhosi.

Ukubuyiselwa ukuzimela

Xa kuqala kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala Lithuania waba phambili ukulwa Germany naseRashiya. imikhosi yaseJamani ahlala kumazwe eBaltic ngo-1915. Tariba - Ngowe-1918, xa neziphithiphithi ezimbini zenzekile eRashiya, urhulumente wesizwe lwethutyana yasekwa Lithuania. Kuba iinyanga ezimbalwa kokuba isaziso neNgonyama. King proclaimed UWilhelm von Urach. Noko ke, eli lizwe unalo republic.

Imbali Lithuanian kwinkulungwane yama-20 iye itshintshe kakhulu ngenxa eSoviet Russia. I-Red Army ahlala ummandla aseBalti ngoNovemba 1918. KwiBolsheviks bambamba Vilnius. It wadalwa yi-Lithuanian yiSoviet Republic, leyo ihlanganiswe ne Belarusian. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba imeko enzima kwelinye imiphambili ye-Red Army kweMfazwe Civil nako ukuhlala kwi yeBaltic. Lithuania akhululwa lwalugqugqisile inkululeko yesizwe. Ngowe-1920, eli lizwe utyikitye isivumelwano kunye RSFSR isivumelwano soxolo.

Interbellum

Ke kaloku, ukuba Lithuania omtsha ozimeleyo, imbali urhulumente uye kwi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ilizwe wafumana ngokwayo baxakekile. Vilnius uye wahlala phantsi kolawulo eselumelwaneni Poland. Ngenxa yoku, ikomkhulu (kwaye temporal) sabhengezwa Kaunas. Uluntu jikelele iye yayiqwalasela geqe Lithuania ngokungqinelana iSivumelwano Versailles.

Ngowe-1926, eli lizwe lweBaltic yanyikima ubhedu yasemkhosini. Weza amandla, amanashinali Antanas Smetona, ndimiswe ngubani na ulawulo. Kuba iinqaba yokhuseleko lwangaphandle Lithuania kunye nabamelwane zayo (Latvia kunye Estonia) baye bakha Alliance of kwiBaltic Entente. La manyathelo musa ukukhusela ithi ezincinane uchuku. Ngowe-1939, iJamani yamaNazi thaca mandikhethe ku Lithuania, ngokoko athe wanika Wesithathu impikiswano Klaipeda.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Phambi kokubhiyozela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, eSoviet Union kunye iJamani yamaNazi zisayiniwe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, njengoko apho aseBalti waya kwindawo eziphembelela eSoviet Union. Ngoxa amaJamani oyisa eNtshona Yurophu, incwadi yesicelo walungelelanisa ukulawula ka-Estonia, eLatvia naseLithuania. Ngowe-1940, onke amazwe emithathu thaca a myalelo nzima ukuba avume ukuya kummandla amajoni ayo eSoviet namandla athathe wamaKomanisi.

Ngoko ke imbali Lithuania, isishwankathelo apho lukhulu kakhulu, kwakuhambisana kwakhona Russia. Smetona bathutha, kwaye kweli lizwe umlomo nawuphi na umbutho wezopolitiko. Ngehlobo lowe-1940 yaphela lokusekwa i-Lithuanian SSR, kwaye zibandakanyiwe kwi-USSR. Iqela le elalisakuba yiSoviet batshutshiswa baza bathunyelwa eSiberia. Ukususela 1941-1944. Lithuania, kwakunye ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, waba phantsi umsebenzi waseJamani.

Lithuanian imthetho

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, imeko awukabuyi. Lithuania wahlala USSR. Le Republic kuphela eSoviet Union esinabantu ubukhulu becala yamaKatolika. Russification kunye uxinzelelo icawa akazange ayithande kakhulu Lithuanians. Ukuqhambuka ukunganeliseki kwenzeka ngo-1972 xa ophikisana Calantha Romas kwenzeka e Kaunas, ukuzeyisa, bazibulala.

Nangona kunjalo, ukubuyisela ulongamo yayo Lithuania ayikwazanga kuphela emva ekuqaleni perestroika Gorbachev kaThixo. Ngowe-1990, iBhunga Ephakamileyo weRiphabliki yamkela Mthetho ukuzimela eli lizwe. Ukuphendula, abaxhasi urhulumente waseSoviet wadala iKomiti usindiso yeSizwe. Xa isicelo sakhe, ku Lithuania amajoni wangena USSR. Ngexesha na ukungqubana kwemihla Vilnius ngoJanuwari 1991, kwafa abantu abali-15. Namhlanje, amaxhoba kwembambano zithathwa amaqhawe esizwe Lithuanian.

modernity

EMoscow waqonda ukuzimela Lithuania emva kokuba Agasti mdibi. Baltic wemfuyo okufutshane lususwa West. Ngo-2004, Lithuania yaba lilungu le-European Union kunye NATO, kwaye ngo-2015 yaqala ukusebenzisa imali euro kuyo.

Modern Baltic karhulumente a republic. Intloko yesebe yesigqeba, umongameli inyulelwa isithuba seminyaka emihlanu. Namhlanje, le sikhundla ibanjwa Dalia Grybauskaite. ipalamente Lithuanian ebizwa Ukutya. Kuyo 141 MP. EPalamente akhethwa inkqubo exutyiweyo.