Lemvelo - ke obu ubomi

Lemvelo - isayensi lifunda ukuzalana eziphilayo omnye nomnye kunye nendawo yazo ophilileyo. Eli gama lisetyenziswa kuqala Ernst Haeckel ngo-1866. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, okusingqongileyo - le yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kakhulu iinzululwazi zendalo, uye kubaluleke gqitha ukuba umphefumlo wakhe nawuphi na umntu namhlanje. Kunjalo, olu qeqesho nangoku eninzi imbambano phakathi izazinzulu wachaza into isifundo wayo, isakhiwo yayo, endaweni yenkcazo 'eziphilayo "kunye neminye imiba emininzi. Isigqibo ngokubanzi enokuthi yenziwe ezininzi ezahlukeneyo lweendlela abantu ababona ngayo i kulandelayo: ingabizwa naziphi na izifundo yokusingqongileyo zenziwa ukuhlola umsebenzi ebalulekileyo eziphilayo endaweni yawo yemvelo, ayamiselwa phakathi kwabo ekukhangeleni ifuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo. Kwakhona qaphela ukuba bathi, umzekelo, "indalo nokubi" kuphosakele, kuba imvelo isayensi, hayi iimpawu zokusingqongileyo.

Injongo yokufunda ukuze okusingqongileyo ziinkqubo ezinkulu ezizikhulelayo: labemi, biocenosis, eziphilayo. Injongo yokufunda - uphuhliso kwezi nkqubo ngexesha kunye nendawo. Lemvelo - a inzululwazi efuna ukujongana abaninzi iingxaki ezahlukeneyo theory and practical, siza kubalaselisa ezibalulekileyo kubo. Ngenxa yoko, i-bume izama ukuseka imithetho, nto leyo phakathi biocenoses esekwe yabelwe ngokufanelekileyo izibonelelo eziyimfuneko ebomini, uze ufunde ngendlela yokulawula le mithetho phantsi kweemeko umntu Ukungenela kwiinkqubo zendalo.

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, okusingqongileyo - oku isifundo ludale, nesakhiwo sayo kwakhona ingqalelo ingacaci: abaphengululi ezahlukeneyo ziye zachongwa kwiinkalo ngeenkalo zokufunda yayo. Ethetha ukuhlelwa i wafundela kwezendalo amanqanaba lombutho lomba ophilayo.

1. Autoekologiya abafunda abantu kwinqanaba organismal. Phonononga imida iimeko yokusingqongileyo apho inokuba ngamnye.
2. Population imvelo esifunda kwinqanaba labemi. Ngobuchule iimeko phantsi apho lokusekwa labemi nezimo zengqondo kuzo.
3. Eydekologiya ukufunda Iintlobo. Okwangoku, lo ngowona mmandla mncinane ongxamisekileyo zokusingqongileyo, njengoko inzala iye watshintshela ukusuka kwinqanaba labemi ukuba biocenotic indiva kwinqanaba eziphilayo.
4. izifundo Synecology level biocenotic. Uphonononga ukusekwa kunye nemiba yomsebenzi biocenoses ubomi.
5. Global Ecology ufunda biosphere. Uphonononga ingxaki yokugqibela.

Ngokusekelwe imiyalelo ezisisiseko indalo wambumba ezikhethekileyo ngakumbi abatsha abaninzi. amasebe Latest zokusingqongileyo ibhijelene ngokusondeleyo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi zebhayoloji, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyukeni ngobuchule uphando kuzo zonke kwimimandla echaphazelekayo.

Academician S. S. Shvarts wathi indalo "uba isisekelo theoretical component kuluntu mveliso kule uhlobo zokuziphatha kwabantu." Ngokwale ngxelo umntu kugweba ukubaluleka lenzululwazi ochazwe sithi. Namhlanje, imvelo kunye nendalo zihlolisiswe kwiqela iiyunivesithi Russian Federation.