Le band theory of eziqinileyo. Mechanics Quantum for Dummies

Eli nqaku lichaza into eyiyo imfundiso band of eziqinileyo. Eboniswe, yintoni na isizathu yinto imbonakaliso isakhiwo mbandela. Iziphumo zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo ukusuka dielectrics kunye semiconductors.

Elisesifubeni lesinxibo and iqhosha

Kangaphi ngemini siya nqakraza kumaqhosha ezahlukeneyo? Akukho namnye nkqu wacinga ukuba awukwazi akujonga - iye uyazi kangangokuba senzo. Ke umntu ukucinga ukuba konke oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka indlela kulula oko ethwele yangoku yombane iintsimbi kuphela. Vula ukukhanya, ubilise iketile, ukubaleka kumatshini wokuhlamba, singasathethi ke iintshukumo on Smartphones, ithetha uzalise wesiphaluka kuvumela electron kwi izinikezeli ukuba asebenze endaweni zabantu. Ingcaciso iziganeko ezifana isethi conductivity. Eyona ilula, mhlawumbi, ithiyori band of eziqinileyo.

Atom kunye oongxawu

Bonke ke kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, sele sinengcamango yokuba isakhiwo atom. Khumbula ngeenxa nucleus enzima ngokuqinisekileyo ebizwayo (ibandakanya protons kunye neutron) uphendule emiphungeni electron kancinane. Inani amasuntswana ezimbi kanye lilingana nenani ezakhayo. Ukuze ukuba bazala readers, ukuchaza indlela "Mechanics Quantum for Dummies." Nganye orbit electron ilinganiselwe ngokuthe ngqo, kuba apho kunokuthi jikeleza ngeenxa zonke ezingundoqo element imichiza elinikiweyo. Kwelinye icala, iintlobo nganye ipateni ekhethekileyo athom emzileni ezinjalo. Kwaba njalo spectroscopists oososayensi ukwahlula boron evela selenium kunye iarseniki evela sodium. Nakuba kunjalo, ukongeza izinto ehlambulukileyo kwindalo, kukho inani olungenasiphelo zizifundo ezahlukeneyo. ubucukubhede Quantum (Kuba Dummies, umfundi kufuneka sikhumbule) uthi ukuba iikhompawundi entsonkothileyo ilawula phambana, hlanganisa, uguqule, wazolula, ukudala uqhagamshelwano. umgangatho wabo ixhomekeka kuhlobo: covalent kwaye ionic ngokomelela, hydrogen, umzekelo, ithambile.

crystal isakhiwo

Umzimba okuqinileyo kunzima ngakumbi. Kuba imodeli, esebenzisa imfundiso band of eziqinileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukuthatha crystal ogqibeleleyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezingapheliyo kwaye ngaphandle kwesono - atom nganye endaweni yawo, intlawulo iyonke ngu zero. Kernel ukutshintshatshintsha phakathi kwindawo ethile lizama, kodwa electron bangathi jikelele. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela "lula" omnye atom enikela amasuntswana ezikufuphi nonxweme ezimbi, oko ifunyenwe isakhiwo emibonweni ngozi esekhompyutheni dielectrics okanye iintsimbi efini. Mandinazise ukuba xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba Kucingelwa ukuba zonke electron abahlala isixa ubuncinane amandla kubo, nto leyo ithetha ukuba umzimba kwi zero Kelvin. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, elo awo of oscillation njengoko eziba kunye elektroni ngamandla kwaye, ngenxa yoko, le yokugqibela bayakwazi ukuba luthathe ephezulu amazinga amandla. ukwabiwa amasuntswana Negative iba ngakumbi "evakalala". Kwezinye iingxaki, kubalulekile, kunjalo, ukuchaza esi senzeko njengoko lobushushu loo nto ibaluleke kangaka.

UPauli mgomo umlayishi

Ingcamango thiyori band of eziqinileyo attained elungileyo kuphela ukukhumbula ukuba umgaqo uPauli. Ukuba simele sicinge ukuba electron - ibhegi leswekile, ke ngoko, ukuba ezi iingxowa kakhulu, umlayishi olunemiqathango baya kubeka phezu kwezinye. Ngamnye "bag" ithatha indawo yayo esithubeni. Kuba elektroni, oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente enikwa umntu kuphela abe kwinkqubo enye. Le uPauli exclusion siseko. Qaphela ukuba wayecinga iimeko efanelekileyo, okt lobushushu zero Kelvin, kwaye yikristale engenasiphelo. Inkqubo lonke kwiimeko ezifanayo lobushushu, ntshikilelo mechanical, iziphene ziyafana kuzo zonke iindawo ngokupheleleyo.

crystals Electronic zone

Kulo ngumkhenkce, ezininzi kuThixo omnye uhlobo athom. Enye adla wenkqu iqulathe izinto degree ezilishumi ukuya kumashumi-wesithathu. Zingaphi zisaqala kilogram nganye, umzekelo, ityuwa? Ngoko ke nokuba bathi ngisho yikristale lincinane iqulethe athom kuchulumancisa abaninzi. isiqalelo ngasinye chemical na indlela yayo wezijikelezi electron, kwaye nomawukwenze xa ngaba mzimbeni mnye ezimbalwa? Ngapha koko, ngokutsho uPauli exclusion siseko, kufuneka singene ithi ezahlukeneyo. Band theory of eziqinileyo inikeza ndlela ilandelayo - ilawula electron kuba amandla ezahlukeneyo. Umahluko phakathi kwabo incinane kangangokuba Siyabandezelwa, Esayama kwamanye lanamathela kakhulu ukwenza kwizowuni oluqhubekayo. Ngenxa yoko, kwinqanaba ngalinye electron kwi-atom iguqulelwa indawo kwi yikristale isambuku. Elements of band theory of eziqinileyo kunceda ukuchaza umahluko phakathi insulators kunye nezinikezeli.

Electronic ngaphakathi kummandla

Sele saxubusha kwenzeka ntoni a lot of elektroni, nto leyo i-atom nokuhlala komzila enye, ukuyilwa yikristale. Kodwa ukuziphatha kwabo ngaphakathi kummandla de wayeka mbane. Yabelana oku kakade kubalulekile kuba umisela umahluko phakathi isinyithi kunye non-zesinyithi. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, ithiyori band of eziqinileyo ubonisa ukuba amanqanaba amandla ngaphakathi band-athom ngamnye omise ezahlukeneyo kwahluka kangako ukuze phantse ibe omoya oluqhubekayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba onokuwoyisa ngayo umqobo enokubakho phakathi electron ayikho nzima - kwenza ngokukhululekileyo, kuba oko kwanele nokuba ubushushu. Noko ke, ngamnye webutho ukuba ilinganiselwe. Kukho sisoloko inqanaba amandla ingaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngaphezu kwabanye.

Valence akuvumelekile, conductivity

Phakathi kwezi ziqephu nayo indawo lwamandla, apho kungekho kwinqanaba apho ovela kungaba. Kule iigrafu, kubonakala ngathi kukho isikhewu emhlophe. Walibiza umsantsa band. Ukuze yoyiswe le umqobo electron ungakwazi kuphela jerk. Ngoko ke, kufuneka afumane esifanelekileyo mandla. Izowuni kunye namandla kakhulu, nto leyo olu hlobo athom avunyelwe kubukho elektroni ibizwa Valence band, kunye nesilandelayo - conductivity.

Metal Heating

Uhanjiso band theory of eziqinileyo bakholelwa ukuba ubukho okanye ukungabikho elektroni kwi Uhanjiso band ibonisa indlela ngokulula aqukuqela kule into yangoku. izinyithi Ngaloo ezahlukeneyo kunye dielectrics. Kwimeko yokuqala, lo Uhanjiso band sele iqulethe elektroni, ekubeni esilala kunye Valence. A Amasuntswana iindlela ezimbi ukuhambahamba phantsi yintshukumo asendle magnetic, ngaphandle naliphi igalelo ezongezelelweyo amandla. Ngoko ke, i yangoku yombane iintsimbi kubonakala lula kunjalo, enyanisweni - ngephanyazo, kamsinya nje entsimini. Kwaye ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, ucingo wenziwe ngentsimbi, ubhedu, i-aluminiyamu.

Izinto zokwakha apho Valence kunye Uhanjiso bands ezahlulwe sisithuba i dielectrics ekuthiwa-eneji. Ezi electron bavaleleke kwinqanaba elisezantsi kuvumelekile. umsantsa Band eyohlula amasuntswana embi ukusuka kwinqanaba apho awayengenako ukuhambahamba ngokukhululekileyo. Kwaye ke yamandla kufuneka kuxelwe electron ukuloyisa, ndizitshabalalise izinto. Okanye Ukutshintsha iimpahla zayo ngaphaya ingqalelo. Ngoko ke, iingcingo izisongeli zeplastiki linyibilike nokutsha, kodwa ukuqhuba umbane.

semiconductors

Kodwa kukho udidi eliphakathi lwempahla abe bandgap, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile ekwaziyo ukuqhuba ombane. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba - semiconductors. Kanye Heating, sinaye umsantsa amandla phakathi Uhanjiso kunye Valence. Noko ke, akulula kwaye soyise ethile umgudu. semiconductor Classical yi lesilicon (in Latin - Silicium). Yayingeyiyo Silicon Valley idume ubugcisa ngokusekelwe ekusetyenzisweni ziikristale weli kukudala izixhobo ze-elektroniki.