Arctic Ocean: isifundo olwandle. Imbali ekufundweni Arctic Ocean

I-Arctic Ocean yenye yeendawo eziyingozi kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Noko ke, abantu baba ngabokuqala ukuba bekukho umntu ngaphambili kwi wePasifiki. Yintoni imbali wolwandle wokuhlola, kwaye ngubani obandakanyeka kwisifundo sakhe? Kufuneka sifunde ulwazi nganye ngamathuba anxulumene kule ndawo, ukususela Age of Discovery kwaye ukuya kutsho namhlanje.

I abahloli

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala kwezi ndawo, abantu bangaba njengam kwi yeshumi elinanye eminyaka. Pomorie, owayehlala yintoni na ngoku Russian Federation, ukuza elunxwemeni isiqithi Spitsbergen kunye Novaya Zemlya, kwaye wayeyazi indlela ukuya Atlantic Ocean. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, oomatiloshe Russian ubesazeka lonke unxweme ukuya umlomo we-OB River. Age of Discovery yaba ixesha ukukhangela iindlela ezintsha zonxibelelwano kunye namazwe eyay. Kula maxesha of British, oomatiloshe Russian kunye Dutch baqalisa ukuzama ukufumana indlela ukusuka Atlantic ukuya wePasifiki, sishiya kunxweme lwe Asia nakuMntla Melika. Tsala Yicime iqashiso ngasentla idodotyaliswa kukunqongophala lwezixhobo. Ngoko ke, i-British Hudson kuhluma ukuya esibondeni abakwazanga. Willoughby kunye Barents zange bade kuqubha ukuya kuLwandle Kara - amalungiselelo ezingamfanelanga ngendlela yenqanawa kumiselwa sisiphumo uhambo.

Ivula sisebunzimeni ezintsha

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinesixhenxe kwenziwe amalinge ngempumelelo ngakumbi ukufunda Arctic Ocean. Ocean Research Baffin yaqhubeka, waphinda uhambo ekhangela Passage. Yena ngesikhephe kufuphi nonxweme eGreenland, wafumanisa umlomo kwiStraits of Lancaster kunye Smith. Ukungena bayayazi ukuba akuvumelekanga ngumkhenkce, kutheni Baffin wagqiba ukuba ndinyana okunye nje. Ukungaphumeleli amanye amaphulo ezalandelayo, kwakhokelela ekubeni kukuba bexesha abazange babe nako ukubonisa eyahlukileyo.

oomatiloshe Russian

igalelo elikhulu ukufundisisa Arctic Ocean zizazinzulu Russian. Iingcinga malunga ubukho sesicatshulwa zange ashiye abantu. Le ukuzithemba wabonakaliswa Gerasimov ngo-1525. Indlela imfutshane ngapha ngumkhenkce, evela okubandezeleka Novaya Zemlya kwizibuko Providence, ngu anesihlanu amawaka anamakhulu mathandathu neekhilomitha ezilishumi, ithe yenyuka ngendlela ukusuka Murmansk Vladivostok. Ukufunda Arctic Ocean lo mzila lwaqhutywa ekuqaleni lo vulindlela ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe Rebrov. Wafika umlomo Yana River, kwaye phakathi kwenkulungwane efanayo Dezhnev wakwazi ukuya phambili, ukuba ihambe emntla-mpuma Asia kwaye ufumanise ukuba ukukhumbula Strait. Kodwa kwenzeke engalindelekanga. Imbali ekufundweni Arctic Ocean liqulunqe yintlekele - ingxelo Dezhneva Lost kwi ndiminyaka imashumi asibhozo anesibhozo ezelwe wabutyhila kuphela emva kokufa umhambi.

Kuyaqhubeka

Kude ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba baba izifundo esichitha-Arctic Ocean. Isishwankathelo isiganeko ayibandakanyi i kwesayensi eli thuba. Noko ke, waya emantla zisekhona umdla omkhulu. Le minyaka lwamagama ezaziwayo-kakuhle zingadityaniswa - umzekelo, wethu kunye Krusenstern. Umbango phakathi laseNgilani kunye eRussia iindlela ezintsha lokubhaqa umba iqina. Eyokuqala wathunyelwa ukuya emantla uhambo ngaphezu zaba ngamashumi omathandathu. Iziphumo abanye kuzo baye alipapashwanga kangaka kude. Ngowe-1770 Herk umhambi waya ku dyondza Arctic Ocean. izifundo ocean zaye ngemali yi-Hudson River. Ngokutsho iziphumo lokudada, wabhala loo ngxelo phambi kwamathandabuzo. Kwakukho kuphela yeengcinga ezintsha kunye nokucingela, akazange avele akukho nkcukacha kwi amakhadi. Abaphandi Russian aye Enkulu Northern uhambo, oko kukhawulweyo nguPetros Yokuqala. Amagama-nxaxheba zaziwa kwaye ngoku - yi Chelyuskin, Laptev, Ponchischevy. Kodwa abazange ukuqabelisa olo hambo. Noko ke, impumelelo sigcwalise ngenyameko amakhadi kunye nokuvula kwindawo yomntla Eurasia, leyo namhlanje ibizwa ngegama Cape Chelyuskin.

Isiphelo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwimbali isifundo wolwandle

Arctic zithe gqolo ngokupheleleyo wayeqonda ukuba ixesha elide. Kodwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ezinxulumene a lot of amagama ebalulekileyo, nto leyo eyabangela kakhulu ekufundweni Arctic Ocean. Ngokufutshane Kubalulekile ukuphawula Rumyantsev kunye Kruzenshtern, le bemeko- projekthi uhlola kumanxweme of America kunye nokufezekisa Pole. Ngenxa amaphulo amaninzi, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iimeko ocean ice ezimagqagala kulo nyaka. Kuye kwenziwa isicelo ezintsha. Admiral Makarov ingaguqulwa ukususa inqanawe okhethekileyo. I icebreaker kuqala babebizwa ukuba "Ermak" baya kangangoko ebengenako nakubani ngaphambili. abaphandi amazwe bakwazi ukuya ngempumelelo xa useluhambeni Fridtjof Nansen ababekhwele kweso sikhephe "Fram". Ngexesha inzululwazi yokhukuliseko wafumana inkcazelo ebalulekileyo malunga kolwandle mphandle, ukwakhiwa kwabo amanzi kunye ngumkhenkce, imozulu kwimimandla engundoqo.

Studies zenkulungwane yokuqala lamashumi

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha, indawo yokusebenzela itshintshile. Izifundo ze-Arctic Ocean kwinkulungwane yama-20 ukuba kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezibonakalayo ngakumbi kumgangatho ezahlukeneyo izixhobo kunye noqeqesho. Ukuthatha wadada ukuya kule ngingqi njengoko le IsiNgesi kunye Russian, amaMelika, eNorway. Ngowe-1909 Iwenzíwa icebreakers kuhlinzwa iinjini ezinamandla abakwaziyo ukwenza imephu kubunzulu elikhethekileyo wafikelela umlomo Lena River. Noko ke, kwenziwa ngo-1912, i uhambo ukuya North Pole and asiphumelelanga. Abantu akazange ukuphatha ukoyisa i-Arctic Ocean. Uphando Ocean kwaqhutywa kwicandelo yasentshona. Ngo-1920 waqalisa wesihlanu uhambo Rasmussen, abafika bevela eGreenland, Alaska. North Pole kuqala zafika likaPeary.

kahle ndima

Imbali ekufundweni Arctic Ocean iye yahlanganiswa ngqo kunye ukhangelo ngendlela ukusuka Murmansk eGreenland. Ukuphumelela likwazile ukwenza i-ice-ungumgqithi "Josef Stalin", lowo unako ukuyifunda le yokupasa kaHomer. Umgca umsebenzi itshintshile - impumelelo Aviation wenza kube lula ukufunda womkhenkce umoya owenza Amundsen kunye Ellsworth. Bafumanisa ukuba kumantla eGreenland ayikho sushi. Kwaye Baird wakwazi ukufumana kwi-moya ukuya North Pole. Ngokufanayo, oosonzululwazi baye bafunda kunye Point Barrow, ku Alaska. Ngowe-1937, i-ice waqalisa isikhululo yokuqala zombane zemozulu, sihlolisise uhlobo amanzi basekuhlaleni. Ngaba nayo safunda iinkcukacha isiqabu, nto leyo yahluke Arctic Ocean. Uphando Ocean kwatshintsha kwinqanaba mihla.

Isigaba sokugcina yophando

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa umsebenzi lanqunyanyiswa, imbali entsha ngasentla. iindlela laboratory ziye zasetyenziswa ndizuze imfundiso ixabiso. Uphando lwakutshanje le Arctic Ocean ziye zakhokelela ukuba ukufunyanwa kwe parameter amatsha - Mendeleev kunye Lomonosov. Afumaneka kwi emazantsi isitya baguqula uluvo yangaphambili malunga isiqabu. Ukususela ice-kwinkulungwane ye wazisa iqela lwabahambi ngubani bahlawule imali eninzi kuphando kwixesha elifutshane. Bafumana Gakkel Ridge, i ukwakheka kwamanzi zendalo mlilo. Ngowe-1963, le ndoda ingumnini wefowuni yakwazi ukufumana phantsi umkhenkce ukuya North Pole ngenqanawa yenyukliya. Ngowe-1977 hambo kwi icebreaker lwaqhutywa, nayo leyo eyaphela ngempumelelo. Umntu woyisa Arctic Ocean.

Uphando Ocean iyaqhubeka izazinzulu Canadian, American kunye Russian. Kodwa uhlobo lomsebenzi wabo iya theoretical ngakumbi yaye indawo yokuhlola - on imephu yezi nkalo ngasekhohlo amatshatshazi amhlophe, kwaye uhambo ukuya North Pole kubonakala lucelomngeni nako buxabise ubomi umzalwana onesibindi oko kubaluleke kangaka nje ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, ixesha le-Great ezifunyaniswe zejografi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.