Laz-695: iinkcukacha neefoto. Uluhlu lwe Plant Bus Lviv

Lviv Bus Plant (Laz) yasekwa ngo May 1945. Kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi, inkampani likhuphe milenge neenqwelo ezirhuqwayo imoto. Emva koko watyala amandla emveliso liye landiswa. Ngowe-1956 liqengqiwe off yokuqala ibhasi uphawu Laz-695, ifoto apho thaca kwiphepha. Koko wabubhekisa uluhlu olude lwe imifuziselo imiba elizayo. Ukuguqulwa nganye entsha iye yaphucula technical parameters kwaye lube ukhululeke ngaphezu yangaphambili.

"Magirus" yaye "Mercedes"

Njengoko umatshini ukwenzela ukwakhiwa Laz-695 thenge phesheya isiJamani "Magirus". Lo matshini iye kufundwe ngexesha lonke 1955, uyilo yayigqalwa ukusuka kwindawo yokucingela izicelo zeteknoloji ebandleni yokuthutha kwi uxhotyiso olunyiniweyo i "ishishini leemoto" eSoviet. Ngexesha lamalungiselelo Laz-695 bus imveliso lothotho inani umphandle nayo yonke idatha bangaphandle abolekwe "Magirus 'kunye semoto, isisu semoto isityalo amandla kunye yokosulela esithathwe ebhasini isiJamani" Mercedes-Benz 321 ". cars German zibiza urhulumente waseSoviet kangako kuba iimoto lasentshonalanga acinyiweyo ekuseni kakhulu, ukutshintsha entsha. "Magirus", "Neoplan" yaye "Mercedes-Benz 'kwathengwa kwisithathu ixabiso, yaye zonke iibhasi zikwimeko entle.

Qala of production

iinkcukacha Laz-695 apho ingaqwalaselwa njengemeleyo ngokwaneleyo, ziveliswe iminyaka emibini, ukususela 1956 ukuya 1958. imoto Original ezisetyenziswa kwiindlela zasezidolophini, kodwa kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba kumphakathi lingenako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno umkhweli nokuthengiswa ngamandla, ingaphakathi waba emxinwa ubenetloni. Laz-695 waqala ingami kwiindlela lizwe, eli xesha yaba othwala njengoko kwaye bekhululekile fast. idatha yayo zobugcisa ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neenjongo ukusebenza. Ukongeza, i ibhasi kunye iziyolo ayiqeshileyo iqela babakhenkethi, imoto ihamba kakuhle, brand ZIL-124 injini wasebenza phantse cwaka. Kamva iinkcukacha Laz-695 ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba kuphuculwe wakhonza Cosmonaut Training Centre Baikonur.

iimfuno zobuGcisa ibhasi ezazithe ezithile. Oosomajukujuku kwafuneka ukuba afudukele kwezinye imodyuli omnye komnye, silandela inkqubo yoqeqesho pre-moya, ngoko ke elingaphakathi wawusele baxolelwe kwizihlalo rhoqo, kwaye endaweni yazo bafakwa izitulo uhlobo moya apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba axoke.

Ukongeza, embindini ibhasi ngokulula atshintshelwe iimfuno iinkonzo zonyango olungxamisekileyo. Kuye sifakwe izixhobo esweni imeko jikelele umzimba womntu: electrocardiographs, tonometer ukulinganisa izixhobo uxinzelelo uvavanyo olulula igazi ngaphezulu. izithuthi ezinjalo iinkonzo liqela kumagqirha yabantu abathathu (kwi imodeli umatshini yesiqhelo ezidolophini).

Ithuba Soviet

Lviv Bus Plant waqhubeka ukuba avelise imodeli kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo de kwango-2006. Lo matshini sele ngokuqhubekekayo kuphuculwe, kwaye imfuno kuba ibanjelwe kumgangatho ophezulu. Amaxabiso Bus ngexesha eSoviet baba rhoqo, kwaye ezilungele abathengi. Phambi ko 1991, i-odolo ebizwa ngokuba yiyo, ukuba ziye zasasazwa kwi-USSR, anikwa iimoto ndaweninye, kuquka iibhasi. technology Intlawulo eyenziwe yebanki, kunye nokusebenza elandelayo, ukugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa ngenxa kumashishini ngomatshini.

Uqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo USSR ithathe uphuhliso ngokwezigaba kushishino izithuthi, kunye neebhasi isixeko ngelo xesha aba okokuqala kuluhlu kwemfuneko kuqoqosho. amathemba ethile eziqhotyoshelwe kwimodeli eLviv. Noko ke, imoto kunye transmission isantya ezintlanu-nezintlu okuqhubekayo izihlalo musani abonela imo olutshintshayo kwezithuthi. iibhasi City kufuneka ekharejini ndaze namandla unit ngokukodwa axhotyiswe, yimidlalo elekhtrons rhoqo nokuma. injini eqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo shushu ngokugqithisileyo. Ukuphakama imodeli yemveliso nalo zingahambelani ngokupheleleyo kunye nemigangatho intshukumo esixekweni.

iinzame ngokutsha

iibhasi ezintsha ungasuki mveliso line ibandla eLviv, ngokuphindaphindiweyo Ipharamitha imodeli esisiseko, kunye notshintsho uyilo olukhulu ukuba bekunokwenzeka. Design Bureau Laz yenze iinzame eziliqela ukutshintsha elingaphakathi, kodwa kulula ukwenza umatshini "ekuqaleni", kunokuba ukutshintsha iinkcukacha yayinomfanekiso ekhoyo. Ngoko ke, zonke iibhasi ezintsha, ziveliswe laseLvov, uyalele kakhulu inkonzo imigca ipoma. Kwaye kwiindlela ezidolophini lifaka trolleybuses, akhutshwa kwi eLviv Automobile Plant ngo-1963 (ngokususela umzimba ibhasi).

Ukuguqulwa lokuqala

NgoDisemba 1957, imveliso yasungulwa ibhasi Laz-695B, uhlobo oluphuculweyo imodeli odlulileyo. Okokuqala zonke efakwe kwi kumatshini endaweni actuation ngomatshini womoya (ucango lokuvula). Isibalo air icala ukupholisa injini, ibekwe emva wapheliswa. umoya Central ukutya ngendlela kwensimbi obekwe phezu kwendlu. Ngenxa yoko, ukusebenza okupholisa wande, uthuli oluwe gumbi injini, lingaphantsi kakhulu. Utshintsho ezichaphazelekayo ukuba ingaphandle kwaye phambi isithuba phakathi izibane baba mihla. Ngaphakathi, ukuphuculwa ipatishini cab, oko wavuswa esilingini, kwakukho umnyango ukufikelela embindini. imveliso Series le modeli sahlala ku-1964. Iyonke 16 718 iimoto zaye zaveliswa.

Ngaxeshanye ukukhululwa 695B ukuguqulwa yaba uphuhliso imodeli entsha 695E cylinder-anesibhozo injini ZIL-130. oomatshini abaliqela zovavanyo eqokelelwe ngowe-1961, kodwa uthotho ibhasi waya ngowe-1963, kunye neekopi 394 kuphela zaveliswa. Ukuqala ngo-Apreli 1964 i swa wayeyifumana isiso esisebenzayo de kube sekupheleni 1969 yokuqala bahlanganisana 38 415 695E iibhasi, apho 1346 zaye zathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle.

utshintsho yangaphandle in version 695E yachukumisa nakwiingqameko zalo, ivili, ezifumene ngokumila ajikelezayo. Ukususela ibhasi ZIL-158 zaye abolekwe iliziko le asi ngaphambili nangesemva kunye imigqomo wayaphula. Kwi imodeli 695E esetyenziselwa kuqala elektropnevmatiku ukulawula umnyango. Ngenxa kwefom wavelisa 695E ibhasi Laz "The Tourist". Lo matshini iyilungele uhambo olude.

intshayelelo ucwaningo oluzenzekelayo

Ngowe-1963, Laz isityalo uvelise elinye ukuguqulwa - 695ZH. Lo msebenzi lwaqhutywa ngentsebenziswano ngokusondeleyo kunye nathi, oko kukuthi, iziko lophando zokudluliselwa oluzenzekelayo. Kulo nyaka oko yasungulwa ukuveliswa kweebhasi kunye transmission oluzenzekelayo. Nakuba kunjalo, kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo, siye sakwazi ukuba uqokelele ezingama-40 iiyunithi ezinjalo Laz-695, ilandelwa yi ngokukhululwa yayinomfanekiso Esalingwayo igunyazisiwe iyekiweyo.

Uphuhliso i ukosuleleka oluzenzekelayo koko luncedo iibhasi ezidolophini, LiAZ yenziwe kummandla Likino-Dulyovo eMoscow.

Ukuphuculwa imifanekiso ezikhoyo

Indalo zokuguqulwa ezintsha kweebhasi eLviv Automobile waqhubeka, yaye ngowe-1969 liqengqiwe off Laz-695M. Le moto ezahlukeneyo ezivela angaphambili uhlobo mihla iifestile kunye nesimbo. Iindondo afakwa kwi window yokuvula ngaphandle izakhelo aluminium eliphakathi. Uyekwa emoyeni yequmrhu ukutya phezu kophahla, endaweni gumbi injini ezindongeni ezisecaleni slits nkqo. Ukususela ngo-1973, ibhasi olwalubekwe iifeleni eziphuculiweyo uqwalaselo ezilula. Utshintsho abachaphazelekayo inkqubo zeemoto - bobabini edityaniswe ibe muffler enye. umzimba ibhasi mfutshane 100 mm kunye nobunzima ezidla landa.

Imveliso lothotho inani Laz-695M lathatha iminyaka esixhenxe, kwaye ngelo xesha wakhululwa ngaphezu kwama 52 amawaka iibhasi, 164 ka ezazithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle.

"Ubhishophu" kusapho Laz kunye iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yamava

A ukuguqulwa ngakumbi modeli ezisisiseko kunye index waba 695N ibhasi, nto leyo iba ifestile ebanzi kunye nekhaka eliphezulu ngaphambili nangesemva iingcango emanyeneyo ngokupheleleyo, DPI Uthungo omtsha isantya kwaye utsale abenzi compact. Le AMAGQABAZA ▸ ziye zanikezelwa ngowe-1969, kodwa ngobuninzi le modeli uye kuphela ngo-1976. Ndiya kuvelisa iibhasi iminyaka emashumi mathathu, de kwango-2006.

iinguqulelo Kamva 695N kwahluka kwisethi yangaphambili izibane, izibane, ukujika iimpawu, stopsignalami kunye nezinye izixhobo ukukhanya. Le model mayixhotyiswe ngemigca exweseneyo omkhulu phambi umzimba, kwimeko ekubsndakanyeni yomkhosi kweebhasi ukuba kusetyenziswa inqwelo yezigulana. Ngaxeshanye kunye noguqulelo 695N wakhululwa ngomhla inani elincinane iibhasi 695R, ebonakala intuthuzelo aphezulu, izihlalo lithambile yaye iingcango cwaka kabini.

version igesi

Ngowe-1985, eLviv Bus Plant ulungiso Laz-695NG, nto leyo isebenza wakhululwa igesi yendalo. Metal iisilinda, ukumelana ingcinezelo ukuya umoya 200, zibekwe kumqolo eluphahleni, inxalenye ngasemva. Irhasi ongena reducer, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo, ngoko ugalelwe emoyeni umxube ukumvumela ukuba injini. Iibhasi phantsi 695NG isimboli wazuza kuthandwa kwiminyaka 90, xa umbhodamo oyile kwaqhambuka kwintsimi USSR. Ukusuka yokungabikho amafutha ezichaphazelekayo Laz isityalo. Ukraine nje uphela va ukunqongophala amafutha, iinkampani zezothutho abaninzi kangaka kweli lizwe zidluliselwe iibhasi zabo igesi, leyo sitshiphu ngaphezu ipetroli.

Laz and Chernobyl

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1986, emva kwengozi eChernobyl, koomasifundisane saseLviv Automobile spetsavtobus ngokungxamisekileyo Laz-692 yadalwa isixa leekopi kweshumi eziliqela. Lo matshini kusetyenziselwa ukuthutha abantu abasuka kwindawo losulelo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwiingcali. Ibhasi ikhuselwe ngeemakhishithi abakhokelayo kujikelezo, sisibini esithathwini ye window, kakhulu, ivaliwe bakhokele. Le spetslyuki lophahla ukuba umoya okuhlamba. Emva koko, zonke iimoto ezithathe elitshonileyo ingozi kwi isityalo kunye nokulahla njengoko angakulungeli ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo ngenxa kungcoliseko radiation.

diesel

Ngowe-1993, kule mveliso eLviv e umfuniselo siye sazama ukuba ibhasi Laz-695 injini diesel D-6112 ukusuka kwi-ifumile amandla ezinqunquthayo itrekta T-150. Iziphumo ayemahle ngokubanzi, kodwa injini efanelekileyo ngakumbi idizili, kuye kwaqatshelwa yi SMD-2307 (eKharkov sisityalo "Hammer kunye irhengqa"). Ukanti amalinge yaqhubeka, kwaye ngo-1995 imveliso lezibuko yaphehlelelwa ibhasi Laz-695D ifakwe injini diesel D-245 Minsk Motor Plant.

Dnipro plant

Emva konyaka, eli phulo libe ezozinto ngokutsha, yaye ngenxa yoko kwakukho 695D11 version, ebizwa "UTanya".

Ukuguqulwa eveliswe ngokwamaqela amancinane de-2002, yaye ukususela ngo-2003 watshintshelwa ibandla izityalo ibhasi Dneprodzerzhinsk. Production ngokukhawuleza ukuseka indawo omtsha ke akwenzeki, njengoko iinkqubo kwi ezingundoqo ezimbini, xa uqala, imveliso eyahlukileyo kakhulu. umzimba enkulu Laz iibhasi azisoloko abonela sikhokelo abatyhidi 'Dneprovtsa "yaye oku wadala neengxaki ezithile. Senzeka nokuba ezibizayo ngakumbi brand Laz iibhasi, leyo yaqokelelwa e Dneprodzerzhinsk, nangona umgangatho yokwakha waba kwiimeko ezininzi egqibeleleyo. Ngenxa yoko, intsalela ixabiso nomgangatho ebulungelelanisile off, kunye nokuveliswa koomatshini baqalisa ukuba kuzuze amandla.

Ukufuna izisombululo jikelele

Design Office Lviv Automobile wafuna iinketho intuthuko. Ukutyhubela lonke ixesha imveliso kwi eLviv Plant Bus izama izihlandlo eziliqela ukwenza Laz jikelele, ezinokusetyenziswa apha esixekweni kwiindlela ngamazwe. Noko ke, ezi nkcukacha sithwala yendlela abavumelekanga ukuba benze oku. In ezihamba imigama moya abantu kufuneka intuthuzelo kunye nomoya okhethekileyo elithozamisayo kwi ibhasi. Kwiindlela zasezidolophini, abakhweli bangene bakushiye, mhla imoto watyelela abantu ezilikhulu ambalwa. Ngoko ke, ukuba kunye imo ezimbini malunga yokusebenza abanakukwazi, nesityalo waqhubeka ukuvelisa iinguqulelo ezininzi ngaxeshanye.

Laz namhlanje

Ngelo xesha langoku phezu kwiindlela elalisakuba yiSoviet Union uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana eLviv ibhasi izityalo phantse zonke iinguqulelo. izibonelelo Good ukulungisa lonke ixesha imveliso, ukususela ngowe-1955, uye wanceda abantu abaninzi zimoto zikwimeko entle. Eminye imizekelo Nalaz lixesha kwaye zisetyenziswa nezithuthi abangabancedani-mveliso eyahlukeneyo.

imizimba abaninzi zezikhali neenkedama - ukususa injini kwisisu semoto esihle. Kubiza ushishino lweemoto kwexesha eSoviet, xa azinakulawuleka ibhasi zaye zacinywa, kunye nakwizibetho zabo kungekho namnye waba nomdla. Le rhwebo bumisela imithetho, oomatshini acinyiweyo kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba iwele ezandleni nabanini babucala, kwaye ufumane ubomi yesibini. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba resource zezithuthi ekuveliseni USSR, liye elide ngokwaneleyo, le "ubomi yesibini" nazo kuyoluka.

Lviv Bus Plant uhamba wayengenamali, i swa eziphambili wayeka ngo-2013, abaxhasi ezininzi kunye neenkampani ezinxulumene novavanyo awile. Ukususela iziphumo ziya kuxhomekeka kubukho yeNkampani Nalaz. Amathuba ukuze kuthatyathwe isigqibo esihle imeko enzima kakhulu angabathembi. ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba amashishini bazamile ngempumelelo kufuneka imeko ezinzileyo yezopolitiko Ukraine,, ukuba akukho ukuzinza.