Cars, Neelori
Abagungxuli: Ukucacisa. abagungxuli iklasi ezenzekayo kunye neentlobo zabo
Imbali, loo zomkhosi amagunya ezinkulu ebalulekileyo amadabi elwandle ngenkulungwane XIX kuhlangene kubabulali. Namhlanje lo akusekho abo umsengi izikhitshana Isantya kunye nokususwa encinane, umzekelo ephawulekayo ethi "Zamvolt" uhlobo abonakalisi i-US, ekupheleni kuka-2015 kwakhona wakhululwa ngomhla izilingo elwandle.
Yintoni abagungxuli
Ingumtshabalalisi, yaye elifutshane, umonakalisi - udidi iinqanawa. -Multi speed iinqanawa moya ngaphambili eyenzelwe ukuvimbela imikhumbi utshaba ngomlilo zokudubula ngexesha ekukhuseleni a butho iinqanawa enzima lonwabu-ihamba. Ngu ekuqaleni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, eyona njongo iphambili abonakalisi - inomzimba ukuhlasela iinqanawa ezinkulu utshaba. War wandisa uluhlu lwemisebenzi abonakalisi, ukuba zisetyenziselwa anti-inkwili kunye anti-moya ukuzikhusela, ukuhlasela. It baqala ukwandisa ixabiso wabo lwezithuthi, kakhulu anda ukubana kunye firepower.
Namhlanje, akhonza nabo ukuba alwe ngwenya, iinqanawa kunye moya (moya imijukujelwa) utshaba.
Abagungxuli kukho ekuthiwa besemsebenzini, enokusetyenziselwa kwesimo, ukubonelela ngenkxaso zokudubula ngexesha indiza wabeka minefields.
Okokuqala kwafika iklasi izithuthi ukukhanya, seaworthiness yabo ephantsi, ngokuzimeleyo abanako ukwenza. izixhobo eziphambili baba ngabam. Ukujongana nabo lolawulo lwezithuthi ezininzi ziye wabonakala ekuthiwa-mlilo - iinqanawa-high speed encinane, nto leyo torpedoes ekuqaleni eyingozi kakhulu kwinkulungwane XX engqondo. Kamva, le iinqanawa igama umbhuqi.
Umbhuqi - ngokuba inomzimba phambi kokuba revolution wabizelwa kwimigodi esingazihambeliyo Russian. Butho - ngokuba alindwe liqela butho kunye wenza inxalenye yabo kommandla lwaselwandle yolwandle.
Imvelaphi ye ababhuqi iklasi
Torpedoes axhobe British waseManzini Kwathi kwikota yokugqibela yenkulungwane XIX. Kwaye ababhuqi okuqala yakhiwa ngo-1877 abonakalisi "Umbane" (UK) kunye "Bang" (Russia). Small high-isantya kwaye sitshiphu ukuvelisa, va nga simba enkulu inqanawa lomgca.
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, kuba umkhosi waseBritani kwakhiwa abonakalisi elinanye enamandla ngakumbi, France - elinambini, Austria-Hungary kunye Denmark - nganye nganye.
Ngempumelelo isenzo zam izikhephe Russian ebudeni bemfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1877-1878. kunye nophuhliso torpedoes kwakhokelela ingqiqo fleet kwendalo minonosnogo ukuba ndimiselwe ukuziphendulela iindaba amanzi onxweme akukho mfuneko armadillos enkulu eninzi, le ngxaki ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi zobuso imikhonjana-high speed minonosnyh kunye nokususwa encinane. Xa yee- yenkulungwane XIX yaqala "minonosny" indumezulu yokwenene. Kuphela phambili amagunya umiswa - Britain, eFrance naseRussia - ebinazo azinakulawuleka zabo, 325 kubabulali. Agcwaliswa iinkundla ezinjalo kunye US Navy, Austria-Hungary, eJamani, Italy kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu.
Ezo ntlanga emanzini emhlabeni ngexesha elifanayo lizibandakanye indalo iinqanawa ukutshabalalisa amaphenyane inomzimba kunye am. Ezi "abagungxuli mlilo" babeza kuba enye Yinja elingesi, ngaphandle torpedoes, kufuneka njengenxenye izixhobo zokudubula babe namandla egciniweyo enye, kwakunye nezinye iinqanawa ezinkulu zezithuthi ephambili.
Ukubana "karma" liye likhulu kakhulu kunolo kubabulali.
AMAGQABAZA ▸ abagungxuli ngokwendlela inomzimba yegusha yaseBritani "Polifemus" lakhiwa ngo-1892, ukunqongophala nto leyo zokudubula obuthathaka izixhobo, cruisers "Archer" yaye "Scout" gunboats "Dryad" uhlobo ( "Halcyon") kunye "Sharpshuter" "Jason" ( " alarm "), into ebulala enkulu" Swift "kwakhiwa 1894 ngezixhobo interchangeable, ngokwaneleyo ukuba atshabalalise kubabulali yotshaba.
I-British bazakhela ngokuba umbhuqi Japanese transport ye-kwiklasi yokuqala "Kotak" ukubana enkulu kunye isityalo amandla enamandla kwaye kakuhle ngokwaneleyo, kodwa seaworthiness ayanelisi, yaye emva kwakhe umkhombe, ukuba balwe kubabulali "destructor" uthunywe eSpeyin, apho kwabe sibenokubizwa njengendawo gun boat inomzimba .
abonakalisi kuqala
In longquzulwano yanaphakade British kunye French aselwandle British eyakhelwe kuqala neenqanawa ezintandathu, nto leyo ziyahluka ngobunto ngembonakalo, kodwa iimpawu Ukuphathwa efanayo kunye neengalo asuswayo ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki inomzimba kubabulali okanye salowo. ukubana wabo malunga ne-270 m, isantya - 26 amaqhina. Efakwe kula imikhombe omnye 76mm, 57mm ezintathu imipu kunye neetyhubhu ezintathu inomzimba. Iimvavanyo lubonise ukuba nkqu ufakelo ngaxeshanye zonke izixhobo aluchaphazeli uphume nesantya. Isaphetha isitya yambathiswa Karalas ( "ufudo iqokobhe"), ngubani wasivuna nenqaba conning kwaye efakwe kuyo itheko emlilweni engundoqo. Iingcingo, ogu emacaleni ndlwana ukhusela bonke umpu.
French umbhuqi yokuqala ukwakhiwa kunyaka yokugqibela XIX, kunye US - ekuqaleni kwinkulungwane elandelayo. Kwi-US, 16 ababhuqi zakhiwa iminyaka emine.
ERashiya, phezu ekujikeni kwenkulungwane yakhiwe akazange abe amagama, ngoko ngokuba ababhuqi mvume. Xa ukufuduka iitoni 90-150 bafike isantya amaqhina 25, bexhobele onakele, inomzimba ezimbini ezinokususwa nemipu ukukhanya.
abagungxuli iklasi ezizimeleyo yaqala emva kwemfazwe 1904-1905 GG kunye Japan.
Abagungxuli ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX
Ngomhla ekujikeni kwenkulungwane ekwakhiweni kweinjini amandla ngomphunga kuphuma. Olo tshintsho nga kakhulu ukunyusa isantya wenqanawa. Imvelaphi umbhuqi kunye powerplant entsha iimvavanyo nako ukuphuhlisa ngesantya amaqhina 36.
Waza England waqala ukwakha kubabulali ezisebenzayo eolini, hayi namalahle. Emva amafutha yakhe ulwelo baqalisa ukuhambisa azinakulawuleka yamanye amazwe. ERashiya, kwaba iprojekthi "Novik", yakhiwa ngo-1910.
imfazwe Russian-Japanese zokhuselo of ePort Arthur kunye Idabi Tsushima, nto leyo eza kunye ezilithoba Russian mabini ananye umbhuqi Japanese, wabonisa iintsilelo olu hlobo iinqanawa kunye ubuthathaka iingalo zabo.
Ngo-1914, ukubana ka ababhuqi landile ukuya ku-1000 tonnes. Nenqanawa zenziwa ngentsimbi ezingcakacileyo, esisigxina yaye single-ityhubhu inomzimba iityhubhu mobile indawo yi multi-tubular kwiqonga ejikelezayo kunye esisigxina noko izinto ezamehlo. Inomzimba waba mkhulu, isantya yabo yandiswe ngokubonakalayo kunye noluhlu.
iimeko zatshintsha oomatiloshe lokuphumla kunye namagosa kubabulali nqanawa. Amagosa afumana kwindlu eyahlukileyo okokuqala kwi umbhuqi "River" yaseBritani ngo-1902.
Ngexesha ababhuqi imfazwe kunye ukubana ukuya enye enesiqingatha kweetoni eziliwaka, ngesantya 37 amaqhina boilers umphunga kunye nemilomo ioli, ezine izindululi ityhubhu inomzimba triple nemipu ezintlanu ukuvuleka 88 mm okanye 102 bathathe inxaxheba iipatroli, imisebenzi bagqogqa, isimo sentlalo minefields, amajoni zithutha. Ekulweni inkulu aselwandle zemfazwe - kwedabi yiJutland - baba ngaphezu kwama-80 British ne-60 kubabulali German.
Kule mfazwe, ababhuqi baqalisa ukwenza omnye umsebenzi - ukukhusela fleet evela lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ukuhlasela, balwa nabo ngomlilo zokudubula okanye yegusha ukushaya. Oku kukhokelele ekwandeni housings abonakalisi, izixhobo hydrophones ekufunyanisweni kwe-lweenqanawa ezintywilayo kunye neentlawulo ubunzulu. Ixesha lokuqala ngwenya leyo zitshone yi iintlawulo ubunzulu ngumtshabalalisi "Llewellyn" ngoDisemba 1916.
Britain wadala ngexesha lemfazwe, kukho icandelo elitsha - "inkokeli abonakalisi," kunye iimpawu ezinkulu kunye nezixhobo ngaphezu komlinganiselo zamanyangaza. Zazenzelwe ukuzisa uhlaselo ka ababhuqi bayo, umlo kunye notshaba, amaqela ulawulo abagungxuli kunye kwesimo butho kwi.
Ababhuqi kwixesha interwar
Amava leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi lubonise ukuba torpedoes azonelanga kubabulali ukulwa. Ukwandisa inani Ungqabhuko kulwakhiwo lezixhobo ezintandathu zafakelwa imibhobho.
A nqanaba entsha ukwakhiwa kwale hlobo iinqanawa zibe ingqalelo uhlobo abonakalisi Japanese "Fubuki". kwezikhali yabo yayibandakanya ezinamandla guns-intshi ezintlanu ezintandathu kunye engile elikhulu ukuphakama kwayo, leyo kusetyenziswa anti-moya triple-ityhubhu inomzimba zohlobo ezintathu torpedoes ioksijini uchwetheze 93 "Long Lens". Ezi zilandelayo Japanese inomzimba abonakalisi replacement izixhobo ezikhawulezayo kugesi baqalisa ukufaka kwi superstructure kumgangatho.
US abonakalisi, "Porter" iiprojekthi "Mahan" yaye "Gridley 'afakelwa nge-intshi ezintlanu Ndandinemipu abangamawele, kwaye longezwe inani ngemibhobho inomzimba 12 no-16 ngokulandelelanayo.
abonakalisi French, "Jaguar" uhlobo sele yaba ukubana ka amabini amawaka. M 130 mm kunaso.
Ngokuhambelana inkqubo rearmament kaHitler ukwakha abagungxuli ngakumbi Germany, ezifana iinqanawa e-1934 saba ukubana 3 amawaka. T, kodwa inkonzo kakuhle. uhlobo abagungxuli 1936 iye bexhobe-mm 150 guns enzima.
Abaneminyaka abagungxuli ezisetyenziswa ufakelo injini ngomphunga kunye ngomphunga ophezulu ingcinezelo. Isisombululo, kodwa kukhokelele kwiingxaki kakhulu ubucukubhede.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo Japanese kunye nesiJamani ukwakhiwa abonakalisi ezinkulu, i-British ne amaMelika waqala ukudala ukukhanya, kodwa neenqanawa ezininzi ngakumbi. Iintlobo umbhuqi British A, B, C, D, E, F, G kunye H nge ukubana-1.4 amawaka. T iityhubhu inomzimba asibhozo 120 mm ngemipu ezine abanjalo. Noko ke, ngelo xesha linye zazakhiwe ezifana "Tribal" umbhuqi kunye ukubana abantu abangaphezu kwe-1.8 amawaka. Iitoni kunye turrets ezine umpu, apho ezisibhozo amawele-gauge 4.7-intshi guns imvelaphi inyuselwa khona.
khona koko ke wahamba uhlobo J ababhuqi netyhubhu ezilishumi inomzimba neenqaba ezithathu izixhobo ezintandathu bafundelane ngezibini, kunye L, abesetwe kwi imipu ezintandathu bafundelane ngezibini ezitsha jikelele kunye neetyhubhu inomzimba ezisibhozo.
US uhlobo abonakalisi "Benson," ukubana ka-1.6 amawaka. T, abalishumi abaxhobileyo iityhubhu inomzimba ze-127 mm (intshi 5) izixhobo ezintlanu.
ESoviet Union ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II abonakalisi belingekakhelwa yeprojekthi nokuqukumbela 7U 7, apho kwilungiselelo lwezintlu le mveliso iye yaphucula survivability noweenqanawa. Baba ngesantya 38 amaqhina kwi ukubana omalunga 1.9 amawaka. T.
1/38 kuba projekthi yakhiwa iinkokheli ezintandathu abonakalisi (Head - "iLeningrad"). Nge ukubana malunga 3 kweetoni eziliwaka, ngesantya ka 43 amaqhina kunye noluhlu ingami ka-2.1 amawaka eekhilomitha ..
E Italy, kuba Black fleet yayakhiwe inkokheli umbhuqi "Tashkent" iitoni ewakeni ukuhamba we 4.2, kunye ngesantya esiphezulu of 44 kwiqhina kwaye uluhlu ingami mkhulu kuno-5 amawaka. Miles ngesantya amaqhina-25.
Amava yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi
Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, yathatha inxaxheba lweenqwelo esebenzayo, kubandakanywa kwimisebenzi yokulwa elwandle. Kwi ababhuqi baqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukuseka imipu anti-moya kunye radars. Kwidabi nxamnye lweenqanawa ezintywilayo sele phambili ngakumbi baqala ukusebenzisa mortars.
Abagungxuli ke mabutho "eziphelayo 'onke amazwe izilwi. Bona iinqanawa inkulu, inxaxheba zonke iimfazwe kuzo zonke ezinkundleni imisebenzi zomkhosi elwandle. abagungxuli German ukuba ixesha waba igumbi kwicala kuphela.
Phakathi kwenkulungwane XX, ezinye ababhuqi ngexesha lemfazwe, kungekhona ukuze kwakhiwe iinqanawa amatsha eninzi, ziye zaphuculwa ngokukodwa anti-ngwenya imfazwe.
Kwakhona yayakhiwe inani elikhulu, bexhobe ngemipu oluzenzekelayo emlilweni engundoqo, mortars, radar, iinqanawa sonar: - ". YiForrest Sherman" abonakalisi Soviet project bis 30 kunye 56, IsiNgesi "Ngabasileyo" kwaye American
abonakalisi Era imizili
Ekubeni gqira yenkulungwane yokugqibela kunye nokufika evuthayo "umhlaba-phantsi" kunye namagunya yaselwandle emikhulu "umhlaba-to-moya" waqala ukwakha abonakalisi kunye imijukujelwa ekhokelwa (isifinyezo Russian - URO, IsiNgesi - DDG). Yaba iinqanawa yiSoviet kweprojekthi 61, IsiNgesi - ezifana "County" American - ". Charles F. Adams" uhlobo
Ekupheleni kwemida awucaci kwinkulungwane XX phakathi abonakalisi Eneneni, frigates kakhulu abaxhobileyo kunye cruisers.
ESoviet Union ngowe-1981 waqalisa ukuyakha baphangi projekthi 956 (uhlobo "nesangxa" okanye "mihla"). Ezi iinqanawa kuphela eSoviet ukuba ekuqaleni zafakwa phantsi kubabulali. Yona ukujongana imikhosi zomphandle kunye nenkxaso indiza, andule ukunyusa ngenxa anti-inkwili kunye anti-moya yokuzikhusela.
956 ngokuba projekthi wakha umtshabalalisi "Imo engapheliyo yokuba", aziwa yangoku kwiBaltic Fleet. It yaphehlelelwa ngoJanuwari 1991.
Umbhuqi izindululi axhobileyo anti-inqanawa evuthayo "ingcongconi" (esinamavili ezimbini), anti-moya enomjukujelwa complex "Yehlisa" (iiyunithi 2), mortars sextuple RBU-1000 (iiyunithi 2), umpu ezimbini bafundelane ngezibini iduli 130 mm, sextuple AK-630 (4 ufakelo), iityhubhu ezimbini inomzimba iwele abanjalo 533 mm. Ababekhwele kweso sikhephe i Ka-27.
Of sele zakhiwe esisandula ababhuqi ye-Indian Navy kude kube ngoku. Nqanawa "Delhi" abaxhobileyo kunye imijukujelwa anti-emkhombeni uluhlu sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi 130 km, SAM "Yehlisa" (Russia) kunye neevidiyo uBharaki (uSirayeli) ukuziphendulela, rocket Russian anti-ngwenya bombometnye RBU-6000 ufakelo ASW kunye ezintlanu inomzimba ukhokela torpedoes ukuvuleka 533 mm. Helipad ilungiselelwe ntaka ezimbini ukumkani Sea. Kulindeleke kwixa elizayo endaweni ezi iinqanawa baphangi i "Kolkata".
Namhlanje umbhuqi DDG-1000 Zumwalt US Navy abamba entendeni.
Ababhuqi kwinkulungwane xxi
Zonke mabutho eziphambili ezichazwe iintsingiselo jikelele kokwakhiwa kubabulali ezintsha. Eyona esingundoqo kukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo umyalelo nolawulo efana US "yiAegis» (kokhuselo), ekuthi kujongwe ukuba musa ukubatshabalalisa kuphela moya, kodwa evuthayo "inqanawa-to-nqanawa 'yaye' umoya-to-nqanawa."
Xa ukwenza iinqanawa ezintsha kufuneka isicelo nobuchwepheshe banyebeleza: sebenzisa izinto radiation-izifunxi, yenzelwe imilo ekhethekileyo zejiyometri, ke, umzekelo, uhlobo ezahlukeneyo umbhuqi USS Zumwalt.
Ababhuqi ezintsha kwandiswa kwaye isantya, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa yokuhlala kunye seaworthiness.
Ngeenqanawa mihla kwinqanaba eliphezulu matshini, kodwa ke kufuneka wande, yaye, ke ngoko, kufuneka ukhule isabelo kweeyunithi amandla abangabancedani.
Kucacile ukuba zonke ezi nkqubo kukhokelela ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso yokwakha iinqanawa, ngoko ke ukuphuculwa esemgangathweni umthamo wabo kufuneka ngenxa ukudiliza.
Ababhuqi yenkulungwane entsha kufuneka Zizigqithile kubukhulu ukubana zonke ezikhoyo ngeenqanawa umhla le hlobo. Umbhuqi entsha DDG-1000 Zumwalt ingqalelo irekhodi ngenxa ukubana, oko-14 amawaka. Iitoni. Iinqanawa yolu hlobo ziyilelwe ukuba ukungena US Navy kwasekuqaleni-2016, sele wokuqala babo baqala izilingo elwandle.
Hi ndlela leyi, Project 23560, leyo, njengoko wakuthethayo, uya kwakhiwa 2020, ababhuqi Russian kuya kuba ukubana wamawaka 18. Okulahlwayo okuyingozi.
Idrafti Russian lendoda engumonakalisi entsha
Ngokutsho kwiprojekthi 23560, apho, ngokutsho iingxelo eendaba, kweli nqanaba ngoyilo, sihlelwe ukwakha iinqanawa-12. Umbhuqi "inkokeli" ubude 200 m kunye ububanzi 23 kufuneka lilinganiselwe uluhlu ingami, kwi yokukhangela elizenzekelayo ukuba ziintsuku ezingama-90 ukufikelela santya siphezulu zokuhamba amaqhina-32. Kucingelwa ubeko classic enqanaweni kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe cwaka.
umonakalisi nathembisayo "iNkokeli" (iinqanawa komhlaba lommandla yolwandle) ziza kwakhiwa, mhlawumbi nge-mveliso wenyukliya, kwaye ukwenza iziseko 60 okanye 70 imijukujelwa iza ifihliwe. Oku kuthiwa ukufihla emigodini kunye nomphezulu-to-moya enomjukujelwa, ekufuneka zibe nje 128, kuquka SAM "Poliment-redoubt." Antisubmarine kwezikhali kufuneka luqulathe igama imijukujelwa 16-24-itanki ekhokelwa (Plourac'h). Abagungxuli bafumana iinkqubo zokudubula bodidi jikelele 130 mm A-192 "Armat" kunye neqonga Ukuqaliswa for ntaka ezimbini ezininzi.
Yonke idatha zisekhona tentative kwaye kulungelelaniswa kwixesha elizayo.
amagosa Navy bakholelwa ukuba i "Murhangeri" uhlobo Abatshabalalisi na isithuthi multi-njongo, ukukhonza abonakalisi ezikhoyo, iinqanawa anti-ngwenya, mhlawumbi cruisers enomjukujelwa "Orlan".
Umbhuqi "Zamvolt"
Uhlobo abagungxuli Zumwalt - inkalo ephambili yenkqubo US Navy ngayo iinqanawa kumphezulu kwinkulungwane xxi (umphezulu SC-21 Combatant).
umonakalisi Russian le "iNkokeli" - lo mbuzo kusenokuba, yaye hayi kude, kodwa kwixesha elizayo.
Apha uhlobo lokuqala omtsha ngumtshabalalisi DDG-1000 Zumwalt sele ngokusesikweni, kwaye ekuqaleni kuDisemba 2015 uqale iimvavanyo yayo imveliso. Imilo bokuhlala ngumtshabalalisi ekuthiwa ngeembambo, igobhogobho ezikhulu phantse ezintathu iisentimitha balo babulingana nesandla isale izinto aphezulu (1 intshi), inani eriyali aphumele kuyehla kube ubuncinane.
uhlobo abagungxuli "Zamvolt 'ubude 183 m, ukuhamba ukuya ku-15 amawaka. T kunye namandla zidibene isityalo kwamandla eyinhloko 106 lamawaka. L. a. linokufikelela ngesantya amaqhina-30. Bathi enamandla radar ubunakho kwaye bayakwazi ukubona kwi imigama emide ayikho imijukujelwa kuphela eziphantsi-eziphaphazelayo, kodwa izikhephe abagrogrisi.
abagungxuli ngezikhali eyakhiwa izindululi nkqo 20 MK 57 VLS, i ebalwa imijukujelwa 80 "Tomahawk», ASROC okanye ESSM, ezimbini ekhawulezileyo-bade Marko 110 umpu kunye bodidi-57 mm hlwele,-155 mm imipu ezimbini AGS kunye nothotho 370 km, tubular ezimbini mm-324 inomzimba kwimibhobho.
Iinqanawa isenokuba isekelwe 2 SH-60 ntaka Sea Hawk okanye 3 UAVs MQ-8 Fire omnyeComment.
"Zamvolt" - uhlobo abonakalisi, umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuba ukutshabalalisa izibonelelo elunxwemeni utshaba. Kwakhona, le hlobo iinqanawa angakwaziyo ukumelana kumphezulu womhlaba, iithagethi zasemanzini kunye nomoya kunye nemikhosi inkxaso umlilo utshaba zokudubula.
"Zamvolt" lo ngumfuziselo ngeteknoloji entsha, nguye elisanda umhla wasungula umbhuqi. Projects India ne-Russia ziye akukenziwa, yaye olu hlobo nqanawa, kubonakala ngathi, Asikabi ukubaleka ikhondo layo.
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