LaseYiputa, Thebes: imbali, izinto, iifoto

IThebes - yinto kwisixeko samandulo ibekwe e Upper eYiputa, kufuphi Luxor yanamhlanje. AmaYiputa kumaxesha amandulo ekuthiwa ikomkhulu labo "Ukuthabatha inxaxheba," elithetha "rule" ( "woyise isixeko"), kodwa amaGrike kwathiwa "Fivei" okanye "IThebes" (hayi mazingabhidaniswa uAmoni e Greece). Homer ukhankanya "eThebes stovratnye". Iingxande (El Uksur) ebizwa ngokuba Arabhu. Thebans yamandulo bona imibhalo yabo badla ngokuba kwilizwe labo "Niut", oko nje lithetha "isixeko".

I okuqala

Xa kwakukho umzi waseNo (Egypt)? Ibali lakhe ubuyela eminyaka. Le mibhalo ephathelele th III. BC. e., ukugcina ukukhankanywa yokuqala mzi. Eyokuqala kuzo kuba ebukumkanini kaFaro Menkaure (Menkaure), owayephila malunga BC leminyaka XXVI. e. Kodwa kwabaxhamla lomzi lwandulelwe imbali elide.

I-Centre of Culture of Amon

Xa BC ngenkulungwane xxi. e. NeValley nokumanyanisa ilizwe waba likomkhulu laseYiputa, kunjalo, kuba ixesha elifutshane. Oku kwenzeka ebudeni bolawulo Dynasty XI kuMbindi yoBukumkani. Kweli xesha, esi sixeko waqala ukwakha esebenzayo ookumkani zonqulo omkhulukazi uswelekile kwaye oothixo. Amun, uthixo wengingqi, fumene newonga karhulumente. senkolo nezopolitiko onke amagunya baqala saseNo. Xa urhulumente aphatha indawo enkulu Sudan yanamhlanje. Wahlaba umda Libya ukuya ngasentshona. Nangona uninzi koFaro ekwakhiweni esixekweni eyalele inxalenye ebalulekileyo kwezibonelelo waseYiputa yamandulo kunye ezininzi izinto zayo lwangaphandle. iziko lenkcubeko Amun waseNo baba baseYiputa. Kukho zakhiwa imbeko uthixo yamandulo yeetempile ezinkulu.

karhulumente yobuthixo Centre kunye nentshukumo emishini

Emva kokuba ukuvuselela isixeko eNofu, leyo saba likomkhulu laseYiputa ngenkulungwane XIV. BC. e., i-IThebes yamandulo (Egypt) igcinwa indima iziko elikhulu kunye nezenkcubeko eli lizwe, nkqu ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, kude kube lixesha ngamaRoma. Ekuqaleni I nkulungwane BC Yeyona iziko lukarhulumente lobuthixo, leyo wadalwa engasezantsi laseYiputa, ababingeleli Amun emva kokuwa Kingdom Entsha. Kwathi emva luqhankqalazo ezimbini (lokuqala - kwiminyaka 205-199, ngoko -. Ngowe-199-186 BCE ...) Nxamnye kaPtolemy, ubukhosi lamaGrike. Ngenxa ukusasazeka ubuKristu ngenkulungwane yokuqala. e. indawo IThebes iye yaba lelinye lamaziko likhulu intshukumo emishini.

Isixeko phezu kweendonga ezimbini loMnayile

AmaRoma zatshatyalaliswa, sadilizwa, baphanga neento izakhiwo ezininzi waseNo. oosonzululwazi kuphela bezinto zakudala ukusuka yohambelwano uNapoleon ikwazile kwakhona kusivusa sixeko ubuthongo yayo. NeValley ngamakhoboka kubekwe phezu kweendonga zombini Nile: empumalanga nasentshonalanga. Siya ndithi kuqala malunga ngasempumalanga.

Ikomkhulu endala laseYiputa, phezu kodonga ngasempumalanga umlambo yahlulwe iinxalenye ezimbini siteshi: engasezantsi Luxor isixeko wakhula, yaye entla kwilali Karnak. Nganeno koMlambo kwakukho itempile ezimbini ebalaseleyo - Luxor (eliboniswe ngezantsi) kunye Karnak, leyo afakelwe Avenue of the Sphinxes.

Amakhaya amanene obutofotofo, amabhotwe, amachibi iisoyi kunye neegadi imithi ezinqabileyo adjoined izakhiwo zetempile grand. iiobelisk yenaliti Gilt, izitatyu omkhulu ookumkani, encotsheni tempile, iipayiloni wagwazwa lilitye lesafire esibhakabhakeni lesafire. Ekungeneni Window kumakhaya afumileyo, zazizaliswe iithayile eluhlaza kunye odidi faience, netswinayo ngalo mhla palm aluhlaza, yanjengemithombe esesihlanjeni, kunye komtamariske. Eluswini, imithambo yegazi iwayini, lesafire, ngoko bathandiweyo ngamaYiputa, imisebenzi yobugcisa zaziswa apha ingxe- abantu Aram. Ukusuka Afrika weza imiqodi kunye olumnyama, zeendlovu, negolide, nobulawu.

Kwi ibhanki ngasentshonalanga iNayile yaba yokuhlala kakumkani, kwakunye necropolis enkulu, nto leyo zisendaweni yemidlalo zeengxondorha. It esilawulwa summit Western (Dehenet), nto leyo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba 'el-Qurna. " Meretseger - uthixokazi-inyoka ( "cwaka onothando"), Lady kwentaba - ukukhusela uxolo kwabafileyo. Yena okugcinayo, ngokutsho legend, ayikho kuphela Valley of the Queens kunye Valley of Kings yokungcwaba, kodwa amangcwaba iingangamsha kunye abemi abaqhelekileyo. Ukuba uza ukuya apha kukhenketho, kungcono ukuba ecaleni umnqwazi, izihlangu ekhululekile kunye nekhamera. Sebenzisa i zekhamera xa betyelela Valley koFaro, akuvumelekanga.

Valley koFaro (Valley of Kings)

Valley of the Kings odumileyo IThebes (Egypt). Amafoto abakwazi ukuveza zonke nokubengezela kwawo, ugcinwe kuphela inxalenye namhlanje. Patroness entilini zookumkani, siye sathi nje, yaba meretseger uthixokazi. Le ndawo ekhethiweyo uFaro Thutmose I (i XXVI Dynasty) umngcwabo elizayo. Yena, kunye Ineni, ngokomakhi inkundla, wayethembe ukuba ingcwaba emaweni ngaphezu iphiramidi, vula yaza yabonisa kubo bonke, ekhuselweyo nokuphangwa. Ukuze ukwazisa abazingeli ngisho ngakumbi usiqeqeshela okusilungeleyo, kude amangcwaba abafileyo wabeka iitempile. Xa Valley koFaro kubekwe amangcwaba 42. Kwezi, phantse zonke zezenu koFaro. Ngokungafaniyo abalawuli Endala yoBukumkani, capital ogama kwi eNofu, IThebes koFaro ngexesha New ubukumkani iiphiramidi akakheki. Emangcwabeni bahlabeka kwi eweni. Bazama ukuzimela prying amehlo ngokugqibeleleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. amatye amakhulu zizaliswe emnyango wengcwaba, immured kubo. Kodwa ezi tricks bengenako lokubasindisa ekonakalisweni.

Olu hlobo ukungcwatywa iminyaka 500 ihleli injalo kwaye kwaphuculwa kancinane kuphela. Zonke emangcwabeni zakhiwa ngendlela efanayo. Izidanga kwikhorido kubude 200 meters, wenza ezintabeni lekalika. Waya zisuka phantsi kubunzulu leemitha 100. Ekupheleni kwipaseji kwakukho 3 okanye 4 egumbini. Uphahla kunye neendonga amagumbi neekhorido wayifulela ngemizobo ezinemibala, leyo unanamhla andilahlekelwanga ukukhanya kwazo. Athi yokusebenza kunye ubomi womfi. iminyango esiwa Secret kwakhokelela gumbi lokungcwaba. zokungqinga zomdongwe kunye neenduli ekungeneni main wazifihla.

Ukususela bekubona de namhlanje esibalulekileyo 64 amangcwaba ingcwaba Amenhotep II, Thutmoses III, Horemheb, letut, Network mna, Rasesa mna, Merenptaha kunye nabanye. Phantse bonke bephela kumaxesha amandulo baphanga. Kuphela engcwabeni Tutankhamun ngo-1922, wafunyanwa luhleli ngokupheleleyo yi Howard Carter, -ziza zakudala yaseBritani. Tutankhamun wafa eneminyaka engama-19 yaye akwazeki uFaro ebalulekileyo kunjalo ingcwaba izele kwezihombo, zegolide kunye nobuncwane ezahlukeneyo.

Valley of ookumkanikazi

IThebes (Egypt) - ayikho kuphela Valley of Kings. nezinye Imingcwabo amaninzi zifumaneka kumhlaba mzi. Umzekelo, nantsi ke Valley of the neQueens. Kufuneka ke ukuba kuphela ookumkanikazi bangcwatyelwa kule ntlambo. Nantsi indawo yokuphumla, ngaphandle oomama kunye nabafazi koFaro , nabathetheli zaseYiputa abafa ekuqaleni. Abembi bezinto zakudala kule necropolis baye bafumana amangcwaba 70. Asikhumbuza amangcwaba zabo imbonakalo yangaphandle entilini ooFaro, kodwa ubungakanani thile ezincinane.

Ikomkhulu yamandulo eYiputa, uAmoni - yindawo apho ungabona ingcwaba elipeyintiweyo Nefertari, umfazi kaRamses II. Le ingcwaba umdla kakhulu. mizobo udonga lwayo ukusukela iindonga ukuya eluphahleni, ibonisa i "Book of Abafileyo." Emzimbeni, njengoko isibhakabhaka esineenkwenkwezi, kuphazamiseke egumbini yokungcwaba. Le engcwabeni emva kokubuyiselwa (ngo-1995) lavulwa kwakhona kuluntu. Noko ke, ukufikelela apha kunesilinganiso: kumaqela abantu 10 bavunyelwe ukuba bafumane iindwendwe kunye lemizuzu eli-10 kuphela. abantu abali-150 kuphela babe ixesha lokuzihlolisisa yona imini.

Le mizobo kwakhona ayivathise iindonga amangcwaba koonyana kaRamses III, kunye Khaemweset Amenherhepeshefa, ukufa kwangoko. Ipeyinti udonga ukupeyinta ukuvutha kakhulu kangaka, nangona namhlanje waziqaba kuphela le mifanekiso.

Valley iingangamsha (izidwangube Valley)

A lot ezikhumbuzo bamandulo inokufumaneka kwilizwe ezifana eYiputa. IThebes - akukho ngaphandle. Baba kuphela indawo yokungcwaba ezininzi ooFaro kunye nabafazi babo. Kwakhona, ngamagosa ezininzi sangcwatywa apha, iindwalutho aphezulu kunye nababingeleli abafuna ukuhlala emva kokufa ecaleni abalawuli babo. Amangcwaba ngabafo yabo ifom Valley - necropolis enkulu ibekwe ecaleni kwithambeka kwimpuma zeentaba. It iqulathe enyanisweni lwamangcwaba-5, neyohlulwe ngeenxa uluhlu zeengxondorha el-Tarif, el-Khokha, Kurnet uYakobi murey, Asasif, 'ey Abu el-Naga, kunye Sheikh Abd el-Qurna.

Inkoliso yezi namangcwaba iThebes (Egypt) lisukela emva ebukumkanini koFaro, ephethwe amakhosi XVIII kunye XIX. Nkqu ubukumkani yamandulo ilungu ukungcwatywa yokuqala Valley. Apha ke bangcwatyelwa normahov Theban Middle Kingdom, okt neyamabamba kaFaro owayelawula Nome Uaset. koFaro XVII ubukhosi ngexesha lotshintsho yesibini indawo ekhethiweyo ukungcwatywa lwabo 'ey Abu el-Naga. Abalawuli necropolis New Kingdom wafuduselwa Valley lunalo Kumkani, eshiya iindwalutho omalunga kwiintaba zasempuma.

Amangcwaba Ngezidwangube, Kakade ke, abazange zinkulu amangcwaba ooFaro, leyo odumileyo eYiputa (Thebes) ukuba. Ziqulethe lwako iindawo ezininzi - Anqabile iindonga kwintendelezo evulekileyo, ooAshera nokungcwatywa kwigumbi, eshiya emhlabeni. Sesango lentendelezo, ekubeni XIX ubukhosi, kwayilwa njenge iipali, oko kukuthi isango omkhulu, nto leyo uyinxenye sokuyilwa iitempile lwendlovu isixeko uAmoni (Egypt), kwakunye nezinye izixeko karhulumente yamandulo. amatye abo amangcwaba esifakelwe eyadini. Le ezingcwele ezo imifanekiso yomnini engcwabeni. lehlelo uSbusiso abafileyo baya apha - ufunde izibhalo ezahlukahlukeneyo, Obingelela amandla bakhe ubomi, nto leyo nakholwa ukuba njengenye yeekhomponenti nemvelo yabantu. Grobnichnymi iikhowuni ngamatye inxalenye engentla olungaphambili. Bathi immured Ebubanzini iindonga "iminqwazi" udongwe "carnation" -tsilindry. seal Special kwicala zabo zangaphezulu esisetyenziswe igama lomnini engcwabeni kunye namagama bakhe Kubala nomhlaba.

Imizobo kunye imikrolo emangcwabeni of izidwangube unelungelo ingqalelo yobuciko eYiputa. Amaninzi, iindonga amangcwaba izikhakhamela edume ibakala ubomi babo. Uluvo yale mizobo yaba ngumfanekiso iziganeko ezinkulu ebomini igosa lakomkhulu kunye nentlalo-ntle, yena unako ukuphumelela. Oku kwenziwa hayi ngani. AmaYiputa ayekholelwa ukuba yonke into yathinjwa iindonga engcwabeni, iya singqongwe ngofileyo, belele engcwabeni nihle naye uvuyo. Engcwabeni kakhulu umdla ibekwe kwi necropolis Sheikh Abd el-Qurna. Phezu kweendonga ezinye emangcwabeni bafumana imizobo imibhiyozo zomngcwabo kunye abadanisi neemvumi, izigcawu inkundla, abalimi emsebenzini. Phezu kodonga ngasekhohlo kwiimeko ezininzi lubonisa indlela yobomi lalowo ungasekhoyo, kwaye abanye - kumsitho ingcwaba lakhe. Ekugqibeleni Valley ngabafo yaba yindawo yokungcwaba abantu abaninzi. Namhlanje ngokusesikweni wavula amangcwaba ngaphezulu kwama-500.

Colossi of Memnon

Yonke babakhenkethi kumda engaphili lamathafa kunye namasimi ingqolowa ukwamkela Colossi of Memnon eliseThebhes (Egypt). Tours apha nabo ithandwa kakhulu. Lo mfanekiso nyama- a Amenhotep III yasekuhlaleni. Xa abantu ababini phantsi, okuphakama laliziimitha 18, abagcini emnyango endlwini post-wokufa likaFaro, engafakwanga namhlanje. Bafumana graffiti lwamaGrike namaRoma, yabhalwa ebukumkanini * uKhesare Hadrian. Ezi colossi ngexesha zakhe uyaziwa kukuba omnye kubo ekuncwineni ekuqaleni eshicilelwe. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba kunjalo yamkele Ethiopian Memnon, owabulawa ezandleni Achilles ngexesha leMfazwe Trojan, video, isithixokazi esifingo, leyo ngumama wakhe. Emva kokuba ukubuyiselwa wenziwe ngo-199 AD. e. izandi ahlala phantsi.

Ramesseum

Musa ukuyeka ezinomtsalane zasekuhlaleni. IThebes (Egypt) - isixeko ukuba kuyingenelo abakhenkethi. Phakathi kwezinye izinto - itempile yezidumbu omkhulu lunikezelwa uthixo Amun, wayala ukwakhiwa kaRamses II. Namhlanje, le ndlu ibizwa ngokuba Ramesseum. Walondoloza unanamhla zikwimeko esihle kakhulu. Le tempile yakhiwa isixeko bank ngasentshonalanga waseNo (Egypt) Penrith umyili kumaxesha amandulo yi kwisikali omkhulu eyilwe nesetyenzwe ezikhumbuzo ezifanayo ezazakhiwe yi ubukhosi koFaro XVIII.

Amangeno kule lomculo kungoku nje ukhonza injengenqaba omkhulu owenziwe yelitye. Ngaphezulu senile kunye imikrolo zaveza. Imifanekiso imfazwe amaHeti kaRamses II bachazwa kwi-BAS imikrolo. Kwintendelezo yokuqala ngaphandle iipali ezinkulu. udonga lwayo lasemzantsi kwakhona olungaphambili yasebhotwe, nto leyo iqhele apha. Eziya kwenza iyadi yesibini, emi ngaphezu kuqala. oqingqiweyo Giant kaRamses, 20 eemitha ukuphakama kwaye inobunzima malunga eziliwaka. okulahlwayo, simi kwicala ngalinye leri.

iholo Reception enezintlu ezi-16, ahlala umbindi komkhulu. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba le nkosikazi kunye namagumbi angasese wokumkani. Ngaphaya kwibhotwe kwakukho indlu ababhinqileyo. Indlela etempileni izidumbu wakhonza njengoko Ramesseum kwintendelezo yesibini. Iyadi ke zinokuhonjiswa porticos. Umhlathi Hall waba iikholam 48. Umbala amantloko azo agcinwe ngokugqibeleleyo. Yena wali- iintshinyela yeengcongolo, leyo ingqalelo kweengcongolo zolutsha obungunaphakade. Zewayini kunye ingcwele ephambili, ukunqulwa yetempile, zaba holo pillared le. Ilayibrari yodumo ise-Ramesseum. esibhedlela UDiodorus ebizwa ngokuba umphefumlo wakhe. Ukongeza, kukho isikolo enkulu ababhali. Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana phantsi Umgangatho kwizikhondo itempile ngokungcwatywa wombingeleli kuMbindi yoBukumkani. wands Magic, lemibhalo yaye ezinye iimaski ezifumaneka egumbini yokungcwaba engcwabeni.

Medinet Habu

Ikomkhulu laseYiputa - Thebes - njengoko uqaphele, le yindawo yokungcwaba na nobuninzi begazi yamhlamnene. Thina ukuchaza kwenye indawo enjalo. Medinet Habu kwaba kanye ambiwa kuyo; obumiselwe ukwakhiwa kwiitempile kunye namangcwaba. KaRamses III, angumfuziselo Ramesseum, sagqiba ukwakha kummandla Medinet Habu etempileni yakhe Kubala. Emnyango ukuya iipayiloni ibonisa imiboniso yanqoba iintshaba likaFaro. Ukuya ekunene isango, phakathi kweendonga ekampini, okubonwayo azinikele oothixo yetempile zamandulo. inqaba Ngasekhohlo amangcwaba abafazi bothixo Amun.

Zonke ezi ezinika baxabisa uhlola, ukuba uya kwi uhambo ukuya eYiputa (saseNo). Kuyinto enye into - ukufunda ukuchazwa kwazo, kuyenye - ukubona ngamehlo am. Impela utyelelo eYiputa. IThebes ngokukhethekileyo umdla abalandeli kwimbali yamandulo iimfihlelo.