Kutheni wayeka flying enyangeni? Exploration space

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje ziye izixhobo ezininzi ezizodwa, baye kuphuhlise kakhulu ubomi bethu apho. Science and bugcisa Kwakumi ngxi. Umntu ngcembe utyhila izinto ezifihlakeleyo kweli hlabathi. Nakuba kunjalo, akucacanga ukuba kunjalo kutheni wayeka zibhabha enyangeni. Eneneni, kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, imibuso babini babanga ukuba ithuba ukuthumela umntu wokuqala on Earth satellite. Kwenzeka ntoni? Qala, mhlawumbi, ibali malunga nokudalwa iiprojekthi "oyinyanga".

"Inkqubo Lunar" NASA

umntu phezu kwenyanga kuye ukuba isayensi kwinyathelo kude phambili. Kodwa ngequbuliso zonke iye yayekwa. Yaphelela phi? Ukuze ufumane impendulo ebanzi, kufuneka ukuba uphanda kancinci. Imbali wokuhlola kweNyanga yaqala ngenkulungwane yokugqibela. Yaba uhlobo umzabalazo nolo lwamazwe eziliqela ukuba mkhulu phezu kwihlabathi liphela.

USSR ngelo xesha usesikhundleni ukubakhokela NASA wayesazi ukuba iindlela ngqo ukunciphisa umgama akuyi kuba lula. Esizisweleyo ikhefu. Ngoko ke, kukho iqela elikhulu izazinzulu sele lusekiwe, eyathi yaqulunqa inkqubo "nenyanga". Kule projekthi iqeshe abantu malunga 400 amawaka. Kuye wachitha ngaphezu kwezigidi 110 zeerandi. Umsebenzi kucwangciso yathatha iminyaka malunga 8. Ngeli xesha kubekho AMAGQABAZA ▸ ezininzi moya, kakade, uthotho "Apollo." Kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile bayeka zibhabha enyangeni, ukuba wonke umsebenzi iye yaphumelela?

Uphuhliso link osemqoka NASA - yi kuWernher von Braun. Le ndoda ngexesha Second World War, wasebenza kwi Adolf Hitler. Yaba nguye owadala kakuhle waziwa ehlabathini lonke, "V-2 rocket." Werner wakwazi ukwenza medium enamandla Lowo ubukhulu umxhelo. Kuyinikela kwisiza yokuvula ilizwe kwakungenakwenzeka. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba i "uSaturn" injini ngaba inobunzima million 180 enjini. Xa uqala i umatshini kwizakhiwo ekufuphi nalapho, bonke aphula kweglasi.

NASA imizamo

Iinqwelo ezininzi babenikelwe ukuya enyangeni. Kodwa 10 iinqwelo- "Apollo" series yaphehlelelwa phambi kokuba ukugaleleka yokuqala phezu kwamanzi satellite Yomhlaba. Kuphela koko saqala ukuthetha malunga nokwenzeka kokuba abantu enyangeni:

1. Oktobha 1968 - oko yasungulwa "Apollo 7". Lo moya wangena kuqala orbit.

2 Disemba 1968 - yaphehlelelwa "Apollo 8" kunye umkhweli ebhodini. Lo moya inqwelo-moya ujikeleze yeNyanga orbit yayo.

3 Matshi 1969 - "Apollo 9". Xa isithuba, uvavanyo lwenziwa kunye kwimodyuli kwenyanga.

4. Meyi 1969 - "Apollo 10". Eli qela wawathetha ebikhona, ohlisa ku ezinobude kweekhilomitha ezili-15 ukusuka kumphezulu satellite Yomhlaba.

5. Flight eNyangeni ngowe-1969, Julayi 2 - "Apollo 11". Eli qela uthuthwa nomphezulu satellite komhlaba.

Emva koko, NASA olwenziwa kulotywe eziliqela enyangeni. Noko ke, ngo-1972, amaMelika wavala phantsi zonke iiprojekthi zayo ezinxulumene iqabane Yomhlaba. Emva US "inkqubo nenyanga" yamiswa kwi-USSR. Emva koko spaceflight akukho ngaphezulu. Akukacaci ngokupheleleyo kude kube ngoku, kutheni abasekho aphaphazele aye enyangeni? Yintoni na isizathu?

"Inkqubo Lunar" USSR

Yona USSR, kukho kunjalo imeko nkqubo yaba nakakhulu kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo amaMelika, Russian rhoqo betyiwa ndoyisiwe. Izazinzulu USSR abazange bakwazi ukuyila ngere- zokusebenza eendaba enamandla. Intliziyo projekthi lalilungiswa SP Korolev. Emva kokufa kwakhe, ukuma yiSoviet Union engaboni kakuhle kakhulu. I-USSR wanika onke amandla amanyathelo okuqala ukuhlola isithuba, kwaye "Projects Nenyanga" nje babengenawo amandla okanye indlela nokuba lithuba. Flying usomajukujuku kwi inyanga kwimeko enjalo nje akunakwenzeka.

USSR akazange lawela phezu komhlaba ngayo satellite crew yakho. Kutheni Kwathi, akukho namnye bakwazi ukuphendula. abahloli mhlawumbi Russian baye balahlekelwa umdla wabo yaye akasafuni ukuba ukuhlola kwintsimi entsha. Ngexesha inkoliso iimali ezabelwe ukwakhiwa imijukujelwa kunye izikhuseli sungula sachithwa. Oosomajukujuku, abo babelungiselela ukubhabha, ziye baqeqeshwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye iindleko zokwakha ophethe, njengoko ekudalweni bomber yasemkhosini. Ukongezelela, ukuvalwa "inkqubo kwenyanga" - a iindleko ezinkulu zemali. Ngoko kutheni eSoviet Union kunye United States ziye zamisa zophuhliso kule ndawo?

ukuhlola kweNyanga

Ngoko kutheni abasekho aphaphazele aye enyangeni, nokwafumanekayo phezu komhlaba? Ukuphanda ukuncipha nesenzeko kuye kwasekwa imibutho zenzululwazi. Le nto ndiyibhalayo kuphela abaqeshwa abafanelekayo kakhulu ngubani ilifa amava enkulu kunye nolwazi olufanelekileyo. Lo mbutho yasekwa okokuqala kwi-US ekuqaleni 1965. Ngeli xesha, yayichongwe wazimisa ezininzi izinto ababengaziqondi ngezimanga phaku phezu komhlaba kunye nokujikeleza kwenyanga. Uninzi mgaqweni nje mus ingcaciso.

Ngaphandle koku, sele uzibophelele alikho elinye moya ukuya enyangeni. I-USSR kunye United States ayazi kakuhle nesenzeko phaku, kodwa umsebenzi uyaqhubeka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, lo anomaly umdla omkhulu, yaye izazinzulu ezininzi wayefuna ukwazi ukuba yintoni na ukufumana ubuncinane iinkcukacha ezithile.

Yintoni bafunde?

I-US Injongo enyangeni, kwakunye nophando lwe izazinzulu ezininzi kutyhilwa phezu kwamanzi satellite umhlaba wethu izenzakalo Akuchazwa. Malunga ezi okungahambi wayesazi Amerika kunye Russian. Noko ke, oosomajukujuku abaninzi baye lowu phezu komhlaba nenyanga zenzeka izinto ezinomdla kakhulu kwaye engaqhelekanga. Phakathi kwabo babeba nje ukukhanya, kodwa iingongoma yokukhanya, hlale yiya orbit kwenyanga. nobukhulu zabo omkhulu. Bona overflew satellite koMhlaba, uze emva koko lukhona. Kodwa loo nto bonke.

Ngowe-1968, Ngenkulungwane yokugqibela, eli xwebhu lwenziwa, ebizwa "umyalezo lwamaxesha ikhathalogu iziganeko kwenyanga." Ngexesha ukuhlola kweNyanga phendla malunga 579 okungahambi. Olu luhlu luquka: iimilo yimingxuma shwaka engaqhelekanga zejiyometri isimo rhoqo, ubungakanani enkulu amajukujuku, ezakutshintsha umbala, nemivalo umbala, ehamba ngesantya of 6 km ngeyure, izinto amnandi njalo njalo.

kusasazo lokuqala

Xa NASA yasungula omnye "Apollo", injongo leyo ukugaleleka eNyangeni, hams ezininzi ubukele okwethutyana, ukumamela irediyo iintetho usasazo labasebenzi kunye Houston. Iimpawu zokuqala eli lixesha lokuba yabaqhubi moya nento hide musa ukugqiba. Ezinye hams evela kude njengoko Australia naseSwitzerland bakwazi ukubamba oosomajukujuku thethwano kwezinye ezitsho. Kubuya labaqhubi sithetha ngaye ebangelwa Kuyaqondakala.

kwiminyaka kuphela emva 10 Moris Shatlen, ngubani na umdali izixhobo zonxibelelwano for "inkqubo eyodwa," wavuma ukuba wayekho ngexesha iintetho Houston kunye oosomajukujuku. Nokumisa kwakhe ukuba Armstrong wakhankanya ezinye izinto ezazihamba-moya.

Abo labhabha enyangeni, wathetha okungahambi Akuchazwa. Okokuqala, kuye ikhankanyiwe ezinye iibhloko zibekwe kufutshane kakhulu site lokuhlala. Ezinye izinto kukhutshwe ukukhanya. Kwaba phantse ezingenambala kwaye isuka ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle. oosomajukujuku abaninzi baye baxoxa malunga nento yokuba into wambona, kodwa inkcazelo eneenkcukacha ngakumbi yoko abakwazi ngenxa subscription isivumelwano pahaha.

Kakade emva "inkqubo nenyanga" sele ivaliwe, iingcali NASA baye bavuma ukuba abantu abangaphezulu kwama-20, amalungu amaqela ezahlukeneyo, wabona ubukho UFOs kumphezulu iNyanga kaThixo. Ukongeza, kunye Earth Observatory, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba "Apollo 12" lwaye ehamba nabanye izinto imvelaphi komhlaba.

ubungqina

Zonke ezi zibakala zikhankanywe ngasentla zibonisa ukuba amagosa NASA wayesazi ukuba phezu kwenyanga yinto ekhoyo umdla nentsonkothileyo ngabantu. Uhambo elandelayo kunye namagqiza "Apollo" - lilinge ukufunda okufunyanisiweyo uqonde ukuba yintoni na. Ubungqina boku uguqulelo kancinane. La maxwebhu aquka olukhawulezayo esenziwa J. ngeenkwenkwezi. Wilson iminyaka emalunga ne-10 phambi kokuba Uhambo lokuqala. Kulo mfanekiso baboniswa into 34, nto leyo ndasolula ngaphezulu kwenyanga eziphaphazelayo. Nangona oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukunika impendulo ebanzi umbuzo wokuba yintoni na.

lubizwa Moon

Kutheni beyeka flying nakwinyanga, kumphezulu izinto ezininzi kangaka umdla yaye kunzima? Phendula lo mbuzo kunzima kakhulu. Ukongezelela, abaninzi ulwazi malunga lezinto ngeNyanga kodwa eMelika. Kodwa evela kwimithombo ekhoyo, ungabona ukuba kwamanzi emhlabeni satellite yethu ezininzi iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga. Apha zibonwa amanqaku zasemzini aseleyo, mhlawumbi isithuthi. Ukongeza, phezu komhlaba inyanga kuvuleke ezinkulu nababezibonile, ezinako ngaphandle kwee uncedo liphuma yimingxuma. Oosomajukujuku baye babona izinto ezifana neemoto, anamandla kuzaliswa avulwe, imingxuma elintlangothi anencasa engile tye, nto leyo akubikho ngokupheleleyo lasungulwa mngxuma, kwaye ngaphezulu.

iziganeko ezinjalo kuvame. Imifanekiso izinto ezichanileyo kwenza kube lula ukucinga ukuba Moon libekhona okanye kusekhona eziphilayo zazivelela. Izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukuze kubekho ihlabathi lonke ukuhlola oko akunakwenzeka phantsi kwamanzi satellite Yomhlaba. Ukongeza, izazinzulu ezininzi kunye oosomajukujuku wabona izinto ezikhanyayo ukuba lihamba komzila iNyanga.

Ukuba abameli batshelwa NASA

Ngo March 1996 ngamazwi NASA ukuba kwenziwe, echaza ukuba iNyanga (mhlawumbi) kukho izakhiwo abanye abantu ngokuthi enziwe. Xa bebuzwa ukuba kutheni elide kangaka wafihla zonke, abameli mbutho yaphendula ukuba kwakunzima ukuyiqonda indlela abasabela ngayo abantu bomhlaba kwiingxelo ezinjalo. Ukongeza, kukho ezinye izizathu.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba nkqu nasemva kokuba isibhengezo esinjalo kunye namaxwebhu ezininzi ziye declassified. Wonke umntu on Earth ubona imifanekiso yezinto ezingaqhelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo ngqo ufuna ukwazi inani ngqo efotweni. Funda ngokunjalo iinkcukacha akwenzeki. Ukongeza, kwindawo yokugcina iqulethe iifoto ezininzi, ukubukela leyo eqolo.

izimvo ngawabo

izimvo umdla kakhulu ukuvalwa kweprojekthi "inyanga" wenza umdali "Apollo" kuWernher von Braun. Ngokutsho kwakhe, eNyangeni, kukho impucuko komhlaba ukuba olude uluntu ukuphuhlisa, unamandla amakhulu. Iinqanawa zabo ziphakamile msinya nje kuphela ubungakanani kodwa technology. Ngokutsho Armstrong, ubuntu nje wakwenza kwacaca ukuba ntsimi kuhlala. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba iinqwelo-moya ukuya iNyanga yayekwa.

Ekuphetheni

Abaninzi bengazi ukuba ukufihla iinkcukacha malunga nenyanga. Ukufunyanwa kweefom komhlaba ubomi, ngokunjalo yokungena lwayo umfowunelwa unika ithuba lokufumana ulwazi olutsha eziza kuba negalelo kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe, ukudalwa izixhobo ezitsha kunye nokuvulwa lwamandla olongezelelweyo. Kakade ke, ukuba izibalo yamagunya mabini engalunganga. Ngesizathu esithile, samisa zonke iinqwelo-moya, nenyanga, yaye iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 phezu komhlaba engayi wezandla zabantu. Noko ke, ngokutsho izazinzulu, vaakelani va lifikile.