Izizathu komhlaba kunye neziphumo. Uhlobo komhlaba

Terra firma bekusoloko uphawu kokhuseleko. Kwaye namhlanje, umntu lowo uyoyika iphaphazela moya, uziva ukhuselekile, bevakalelwa nje phantsi kweenyawo kumphezulu othe tyaba. into embi kuba ke, xa ngokoqobo ndalisila n'ekiweebwayo evela phantsi kweenyawo zakhe. Ukunyikima oko, nkqu lingenamandla, kangaka ukujongela ngengqiqo wokhuselo abaninzi iziphumo hayi sizibandakanya Yimbuqo uvalo abe zengqondo kunokuba emzimbeni. Ukongeza, yenye yezo iingozi, ukuthintela ukuba uluntu ayikwazi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba izazinzulu ezininzi uphando oonobangela iinyikima zomhlaba, iingcangcazela ukuphuhlisa iindlela nitrogen, uqikelelo kunye isilumkiso. Sele eziyintlanganisela uluntu ulwazi kulo mba ivumela ukunciphisa iilahleko kwezinye iimeko. Ngelo xesha, le mizekelo ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iinyikima minyaka ukuba nangoku kakhulu ukuba bafunde kwaye benze.

Umongo isenzeko

Xa intliziyo inyikima nganye iliza esifana nezi, nto leyo intshukumo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Oku kuvela ngenxa yeenkqubo onamandla ezinzulwini ezahlukeneyo. Ubunono iinyikima minor zenzeka ngenxa ukukhukulisekela of amacwecwe lithospheric phezu kwamanzi, ngokufuthi ecaleni iziphene. Ezinzulu kubangelwa indawo iinyikima badla ngokuba buneziphumo ezibi kakhulu. Ukuba kwenzeka kwiindawo ecaleni amagophe amacwecwe eziguquguqukayo, leyo antywiliselwa ingubo. iinkqubo ezenzekayo apha kukhokelela ngemiphumo kakhulu ebonakalayo.

Iinyikima ukwenzeka yonke imihla, kodwa inkoliso yabo bantu musa uqaphele. Bona ebhalwe kuphela izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Amandla eliphezulu kwaye ubuninzi shoka ngokwaphulwa zenzeka kwindawo yalapho, indawo phezu komlilo, yazala ngamaza wenyikima.

isikali

Namhlanje, kukho iindlela ezininzi ukujonga ngamandla isenzeko. Bona zisekelwe iingqiqo ezifana ngobunzulu yenyikima, ubukhulu bayo kunye neklasi amandla. Le yokugqibela yezi lixabiso esibonakalisa umlinganiselo wamandla yakhululwa ngohlobo kwamaza wenyikima. Le ndlela yokulinganisa imiphumo amandla yaphakanyiswa ngo-1935 ngu iRichter yaye edume ngokuba iRichter isikali. Oku kusetyenziswa namhlanje, kodwa kuyo, echasene inkolelo ethandwayo, asizizo zonke inyikima sezandleni amanqaku, kunye nexabiso othile yobukhulu.

ukuba amanqaku iinyikima leyo zisoloko enikwe kwi inkcazo iziphumo ezinxulumene kwezinye isikali. Oku kusekelwe utshintsho wave awo okanye ubukhulu ukuhla kwi yalapho. Iinqobo yale isikali nayo ichaza ubunzulu komhlaba;

• 1-2 amanqaku: uyothuka kunokuba buthathaka, izixhobo ababhalisileyo kuphela;
• 3-4 amanqaku: waziva kwizakhiwo abade, bavame kunyikimiswa neendawo ukubana izinto ezincinane, umntu Ndinesiyezi;
• 5-7 amanqaku: iingcangcazela enokuphathwa sele emhlabeni, mhlawumbi imbonakalo neentanda eludongeni lwezakhiwo, eziwayo udaka;
• 8 amanqaku: Barr kukhokelela inkangeleko neentanda nzulu umhlaba, izakhiwo umonakalo ebonakalayo;
• amanqaku 9: bazigunguxule iindonga zezindlu, izakhiwo ngokufuthi komhlaba;
• 10-11 amanqaku: yinyikima ezikhokelela zekhephu kunye landslides, ukuwa kwezakhiwo kunye imizila;
• amanqaku 12: kukhokelela neziphumo kakhulu emibi, ukuya utshintsho olomeleleyo imbonakalo yomhlaba kwaye nkqu ulwalathiso intshukumo amanzi emilanjeni.

Points komhlaba, ezifakwe kuluhlu kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo azimisele le isikali.

ngezigaba

Ukukwazi ukuxela naluphi na ingozi idityaniselwe sokuqondwa ngokucacileyo yintoni ebangela loo nto. Iimbangi ezingundoqo iinyikima zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini ezinkulu: yendalo neyenziweyo. kuqala ezinxulumene utshintsho elingaphakathi, kwakunye yempembelelo iinkqubo ezithile yesiqalo, le yokugqibela ezibangelwa ezenziwa ngabantu. Ukuhlelwa iinyikima ezisekelwe sizathu elibangele. Phakathi ukukhululwa zendalo zomhlaba, landslip, mlilo, kunye nabanye. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

ukunyikima ziitectonic plates

Amaxolo zehlabathi usoloko ihamba. Ukuba sisiseko komhlaba. La ziitectonic plates ezenza uqweqwe move kuthelekiswa omnye komnye, zingqubane, diverge kwaye idibane. Kwiindawo iintanda, apho umda ipleyiti kunye amandla ucinezelo okanye kwempixano, waqokelela ntshikilelo ziitectonic plates. Ukukhulisa, uya kungekudala kukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kunye ukubana yamatye, neziphumo amaza seismic bazalwa.

zeziphakamiso nkqo kukhokelela idiphu kusekwe okanye amatshe. Apho plate ukubana kunokuba amancinci ube nje iisentimitha ezimbalwa, kodwa imali akhululwe mandla kwanele umonakalo omkhulu phezu komhlaba. Imikhondo iinkqubo ezinjalo kwi yomhlaba buqapheleke kakhulu. Oku kunokuba, umzekelo, ukubana enye inxalenye yentsimi xa kuthelekiswa namanye, neentanda enzulu kunye nokusilela.

Phantsi lilele amanzi

Ubangelwa iinyikima emgangathweni olwandle ziyafana kumhlaba - ukuthabatheka amacwecwe lithospheric. Thile ukuba nefuthe ezahlukeneyo abantu. Amaxesha amaninzi offset macwecwe yolwandle ebangela itsunami. Aphuma kwi yalapho, yomtshangatshangiso kuxhaphaka ukufumana indawo kunye kufuphi nonxweme imitha rhoqo ukuya ku ezilishumi, yaye ngamanye amaxesha amahlanu.

Ngokobalo manani ngaphezu kwama-80% ye-tsunami wehla phezu kunxweme wePasifiki. Namhlanje kukho iinkonzo ezininzi kwimimandla yinyikima, abasebenzi okubonisa ukuvela kunye nokwanda amaza otshabalalisayo, ezazisa uluntu malunga nengozi. Noko ke, abantu kancinane ezikhuselweyo kwiintlekele zemvelo ezinjalo. Imizekelo inyikima itsunami ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane - bobunye ubungqina.

mlilo

Xa kuziwa iinyikima ngokuyimfuneko kwenzeka entloko waza wabona umfanekiso daka dubulo kanye ebomvu-eshushu. Oku akothusi: ngezenzeko ezimbini zendalo ezinxulumene. Unobangela yenyikima kungaba umsebenzi mlilo. Content lomlilo inamandla hot uxinzelelo phezu komhlaba. Ngethuba uqeqesho maxa wambi ngokwaneleyo elide dubulo ziyenzeka ngamaxesha Ukuvutha igesi kunye umphunga, abavelisa amaza wenyikima. uxinzelelo Surface kudala ebizwa ngokuba yi-nongcangcazelo mlilo (enikina). Kuyinto uthotho zomhlaba Barr ezincinane.

Komhlaba Isizathu zinjalo neenkqubo ezenzeka kwigumbi langaphakathi njengoko mlilo and extinct. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ukuba umqondiso ndiwuzolise ntaba lomlilo Unga kuvuka. Abaphandi umsebenzi mlilo badla ukusebenzisa micro-iinyikima zomhlaba ukuqikelela kuqhume.

Kwiimeko ezininzi kunzima ayintsokothanga zibangelwa inyikima ziitectonic plates okanye iqela mlilo. Miqondiso yokugqibela ingqalelo indawo ubonakala kummandla mlilo, kunye wukulu encinci.

kuwa

Unobangela yenyikima unako ukukhonza, kwaye ukuwa zeengxondorha. Zekhephu kunye landslides ezintabeni zibangelwa ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zombini izimbiwa kunye ngezimanga zendalo kunye nemisebenzi yabantu. Umqolomba kwaye generate amaza wenyikima nga ingamampunge nemiqolomba emhlabeni. Rock iwela ayanelanga lula ukuphambukisa amanzi ochitha isakhiwo ebonakala okuqinileyo. Unobangela ekuweni kwaye ibe yinyikima ziitectonic plates. Ukuwa mass elinamandla oko kubangela umsebenzi okungenamsebenzi seismic.

Kuba ezi iinyikima luphawulwa amandla encinane. Njengoko umthetho, umthamo yengxondorha edilikayo ayilingene kubangela okunzulu ezibalulekileyo. Noko ke, maxa wambi yinyikima yale hlobo kukhokelela mkhondo.

Ukuhlelwa ubunzulu ingenzeka

ukuba Iimbangi ezingundoqo iinyikima ezinxulumene, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo iinkqubo kwi izibilini planethi. Enye zabo ukuhlelwa iziganeko ezinjalo isekelwe phezu ubunzulu imvelaphi yabo. Iinyikima ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu:

• Umphezulu - iziko imi kubunzulu engekho ngaphezu kwe-100 km, ningabaleli hlobo malunga nama-51% ye komhlaba.
• EsiPhakathi - ubunzulu ziyohluka kuluhlu ukusuka 100 ukuya-300 km, kule lokuphumla zilungiswe nepokotho% iinyikima 36.
• Deep-zojoliso - ngaphantsi kwe-300 km, nesabelo kolu hlobo akhawunti ye 13% iintlekele ezinjalo.

Le nyikima ulwandle uhlobo kakhulu wesithathu yenzeka e Indonesia ngo-1996. iziko layo elisebenzela e-kubunzulu engaphezulu kwama-600 km. Lo mcimbi ukuba izazinzulu ukuba 'ukukhanyisela' izibilini umhlaba ukuya kubunzulu enkulu. Ukuze ukufunda isakhiwo ongaphantsi zisetyenziswa phantse zonke iinyikima ezinzulu-ekugxilwe ukuba ayingozi ebantwini. data abaninzi kwi isakhiwo Umhlaba zifunyenwe kwi ukufundisisa ekuthiwa-Wadati Benioff zone, leyo amelwe njenge umgca curve kophahla ebonisa indawo umnxeba audio esityeni ziitectonic plates ngaphantsi kwezinye.

umsebenzi Human

Uhlobo iinyikima ukususela ekuqaleni uphuhliso lolwazi lobugcisa loluntu itshintshile. Ukongezelela oonobangela komhlaba zendalo kunye namaza wenyikima wabonakala neyenziweyo. Man, wabagagamela uhlobo kunye nezibonelelo zayo, kwakunye nokwandisa amandla yobugcisa, imisebenzi yabo isekude a intlekele. Izizathu komhlaba - kuba udubulo komhlaba, ukwakhiwa amadama amakhulu, utsalo kwemithamo emikhulu oyile negesi, apho iziphumo engento phantsi komhlaba.

Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu kakuhle kule nkalo - inyikima, evela indalo kunye nokugcwaliswa kwemithombo. Umqulu kakhulu kwaye ubunzima kumhlathi kwamanzi phantsi yengcinezelo umhlaba ongaphantsi kwaye ikhokelele utshintsho zilingana hydrostatic ematyeni. Uphakamile edamini wadala, kokukhona kusenokwenzeka ukuvela ekuthiwa-uqhutyelwe ziintshukumo zenyikima.

Kwiindawo apho iinyikima zomhlaba zenzeka ngenxa izinto zendalo, imisebenzi yabantu badla enyanzeliswa phezu iinkqubo ziitectonic plates kwaye bakuphathe iintlekele zemvelo. idatha efana umisela imisebenzi ethile kwi iinkampani inxaxheba kuphuhliso amasimi oyile negesi.

imiphumela

ukunyikima komhlaba kubangela intshabalalo enkulu kwiindawo ezinkulu. imiphumela ezinkulu kunciphisa njengoko umgama ukusuka kumbindi womhlaba. Kuyingozi kakhulu ngokutshatyalaliswa - yinto ezahlukeneyo kwiingozi ezenziwe ngabantu. Ukuwa okanye deformation yimveliso ebandakanya iikhemikhali eziyingozi kukhokelela ukukhululwa yabo kokusingqongileyo. Kunjalo enokuthethwa zamangcwaba kunye neendawo zokungcwaba inkunkuma yenyukliya. ziintshukumo zenyikima na ukuba imzisele kungcoliseko imimandla enkulu.

Ngaphandle kwiintshabalaliso amaninzi emizini, iinyikima ineziphumo kunye neminye imiqathango. amaza seismic, njengoko sele sibonile, kunokubangela landslides, mudflows, izikhukula kunye tsunami. zone inyikima emva kwentlekele etshintsha rhoqo ngaphaya ingqalelo. neentanda Deep nemisantsa, ukhukuliseko lomhlaba - ezi kunye nezinye "yenguqu" landscape kusenokukhokelela kwiinguqu ezibonakalayo kwezendalo. Baya kungakhokelela ukutshatyalaliswa enezityalo nezilwanyana le ndawo. Oku lula ngumsi kunye nemixube zesinyithi evela kuziphuko zendalo enzulu nokutshatyalaliswa elula yonke iinxalenye zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo.

Amandla kunye nobuthathaka

Intshabalalo onomtsalane kuhlala emva megalozemletryaseny. Bona luphawulwa ubukhulu mkhulu kunaye 8.5. iintlekele ezinjalo, ngethamsanqa, ezinqabe kakhulu. Ngenxa yezi iinyikima ngaphambili kwasekwa amanye amachibi kunye asemlanjeni. Umzekelo entle i "umsebenzi" intlekele - Lake Gek-Gol e Azerbaijan.

Okunye ukuthobeka ubukhulu yenyikima, ezikhokelela iingozi ezinkulu kwaye nokufa kuthiwa etshabalalisayo, isimo. Noko ke, lo msebenzi buthathaka seismic kuluntu zinganefuthe umxhelo. iinyikima ezinjalo, okubangela ngokuhlaziya ezindongeni, ukujiwuza neendawo njalo yaye, njengoko umthetho, akuyi kunenza engozini enkulu. Ingozi enkulu ukuba ezintabeni, apho kunokubangela zekhephu serious landslides. Indawo nakujoliso olutsha iinyikima ezinjalo kufuphi amandla ngamanzi okanye enyukliya ingabangela intlekele ezenziwe ngabantu.

inyikima buthathaka - usongo ngakuntsonkotha. Ngomhla amathuba kwazo kuloo ndawo, njengoko umthetho, kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukufunda, ngoxa umdla ngakumbi ubukhulu isenzeko ungasoloko ushiya wandise. Ngoko ke, phantsi kogrogriso lonke uphuhliso lwamashishini kunye zokuhlala kufutshane imimandla seismically esebenzayo. izakhiwo ezinjalo ziquka, umzekelo, izityalo ezininzi amandla enyukliya kunye US, kwakunye nendawo yokungcwaba inkunkuma eqhumayo kunye ityhefu.

kwiindawo ezithandwa ziinyikima

Ngenxa iimpawu ezibangela ntlekele kunye enxulumene obungalinganiyo kwiindawo seismically eyingozi kwimaphu yehlabathi. Kwi-Pacific, loo nto ummandla zenyikima, leyo, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, ezinxulumene ukunyanzeliswa yenyikima. Oku kuquka Indonesia, kunxweme olusentshona kuMbindi naseMzantsi Merika, eJapan, Iceland, ena, Hawaii, iiPhilippines, i-Kuril Islands kunye Alaska. Le ndawo kakhulu esebenzayo yesibini - yaseYurophu zasePyrenees, neCaucasus, eTibet, i Apennines, malayas, zeAltai, Pamir kunye kwiiBalkans.

iinyikima ikhadi igcwele, kunye neminye imimandla ingozi enokwenzeka. Bonke ahlangene iindawo umsebenzi ziitectonic plates, apho amathuba yokungqubana lezitya lithospheric, okanye mlilo.

Imephu komhlaba eRashiya lizele inani elaneleyo amathuba kunye ezikhoyo izilonda. Imimandla eyingozi kakhulu kule nkalo - kuba ena, Eastern eSiberia, neCaucasus, zeAltai, Sakhalin kunye Kuril Islands. Ezibuhlungu kakhulu neziphumo yinyikima yayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwilizwe lethu yaba kwisiqithi Sakhalin ngo-1995. Ngoko ke ukwanda yintlekele phantse zisibhozo amanqaku. Le ntlekele yakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni enkulu Neftegorsk.

nengozi enkulu yentlekele kunye nokungakwazi yayo ukuthintela oonobangela izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke ukuba bafunde ngokweenkcukacha yinyikima: ngoonobangela kunye neziphumo "Isibonakaliso" imiqondiso kunye nolwemozulu ubunakho. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, inkqubela yobugcisa kwelinye icala, inceda bonke ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kwangaphambili iziganeko ezimbi bambambise utshintsho incinane kwiinkqubo zangaphakathi zomhlaba, naphezu kwelinye - iba umthombo owongezelelekileyo ingozi: ukuba iimpazamo kumphezulu Kongezelelwa hydro kunye namandla enyukliya iingozi, wokuchitheka kwe-oyile kwiindawo imveliso, uyesabeka imililo isikali emsebenzini. inyikima ezingeyomfuneko - edla ngokuba ingacaci njengoko inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe: oko otshabalalisayo kuyingozi, kodwa icebisa ukuba planethi ubomi. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, ukuyekwa epheleleyo yemisebenzi mlilo kunye neenyikima kuya kuthetha ukufa emhlabeni ngokwalo zejoloji. kuphakanyiswa Ukugqitywa ekuphononongeni izimbiwa, Uphelelwe amafutha, sele nesigidi embalwa iminyaka Umhlaba esotha phezulu ngaphakathi. Ukanti akucaci nokuba kuya kubakho abantu emhlabeni ngaphandle neenyikima.