IZiyonist - ngubani lo? Iyintoni intsingiselo yeZiyonism?

IZiyonist - ngubani lo? Masibhale phantsi. Igama elithi "iZiyonism" livela egameni leNtaba yeZiyon. Yayingumqondiso wakwaSirayeli kunye neYerusalem. IZiyonism yinto ebonisa ukuba ulangazelela ilizwe lomhlaba wabantu abangamaYuda kwelinye ilizwe. Le ntlangano yezopolitiko iya kuqwalaselwa kule nqaku.

Yayiphi na nini imbono eyakha isiseko sobuZiyon?

Umbono wokubuyela eZiyon wawuvela kumaYuda mandulo, ngexesha awayexoshwa ngayo kwaSirayeli. Umsebenzi wokubuyisela wawungeyona into entsha. Phantse iminyaka engama-2 500 edlulileyo, abantu bamaYuda babuyela kweli lizwe bevela eBhabhiloni. I-Zionism yanamhlanje, eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-19, ngaloo ndlela, lo mkhuba wawungaqulunqwa, kodwa wawusondeza uhambo lwangaphambili kunye nengcamango kwifom yangoku ehleliweyo.

Isibhengezo soMeyi 14, 1948 malunga nokubunjwa kukaRhulumente ka-Israyeli kukunyaniseka kwentshukumo esithandayo. Eli xwebhu lithetha ukuba abantu bamaYuda babonakala kwilizwe lakwaSirayeli.

Ukubonakala kwakhe kwezopolitiko, okwenkolo nokomoya kwakhiwa ngokuchanekileyo apha. Abantu, ngokwememezelo, baxoshwa ngokukodwa kwilizwe labo.

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu bamaYuda kunye namaSirayeli

Siqhubeka siqwalasela umbuzo: "ZiZionists - ngubani lo?" Akunakwenzeka ukuqonda intshukumo esinomdla kuyo ngaphandle kokuqonda uxhulumano lwembali olukhoyo phakathi kwamaSirayeli kunye namaYuda. Kwavela phantse iminyaka engama-4 lamawaka edlulileyo, xa uAbraham wahlala kwintsimi yakwaSirayeli yanamhlanje. UMoses ngekhulu lama-13 BC. E. Wayefuduka eYiputa amaYuda, uYoshuwa wambamba ulwahlula phakathi kwezizwe ezilishumi elinambini zakwaSirayeli. Ngekhulu le-11 le-11. BC. Ngethuba leNdlu yokuqala, uSolomon, uDavide noSawule babusa ngombuso wobukhosi. Si rayeli ngo 486 BC. E. Wayebanjwe ngabaseBhabhiloni, abayitshabalalisa indlu, kwaye abantu bamaYuda babeyinxalenye enkulu ekuthinjweni. Ngaphantsi kobunkokheli bukaNehemiya noEzra kwangekhulu elifanayo, amaYuda abuyele kwilizwe lawo aze aphinde avuselele indlu. Ngaloo nto yaqala ixesha leTempile yesiBini. Kwaphela ngokuwunqoba kweYerusalem ngamaRoma kunye nokubhujiswa okuphindaphindiweyo kunyaka wama-70 weNdlu.

Ukuvukela kwamaYuda

Emva kokubanjwa kwaYuda kwaSirayeli, amaYuda amaninzi ahlala. Bakhulisa ngo-132 ukuvukela amaRoma aholwa nguBar Kochba. Ngethuba elifutshane baphumelela ukwakha uhulumeni ozimeleyo wamaYuda kwakhona. Ukuvuswa kwaso kwakuncitshiswa ngokugqithisileyo. Ngokwababhali-mlando, malunga namawaka ama-50 amaYuda abulawa. Nangona kunjalo, nangemva kokuba ukuvukela kwapheliswa, kwakukho namakhulu amawaka wabameli bamaYuda kwaSirayeli.

Emva kwekhulu le-4 AD E. EGalili, ukuphikisana okukhulu nokulawula kolawulo lwaseRoma kwaqala kwakhona, ubukhulu bamaYuda kwaSirayeli babuye baphunyezwa, amazwe abo ayesidingo. Eli lizwe kwi-7 leminyaka kwakukho uluntu lwabo, inani lalo li-1/4 yezigidi zabantu. Phakathi kwezi, amashumi amawaka ancedisa amaPersi, abamba amaSirayeli ngo-614. Oku kwachazwa ngento yokuba amaYuda abeka ithemba elikhulu kula bantu, kuba amaPersi avumela kwikhulu le-6 BC. E. Buyela ekuthinjweni eBhabhiloni kwilizwe lakho.

Ngonyaka wama-638 AD. Emva kokuba ama-Arabhu namaSilamsi atshaywe, amaYuda asekuhlaleni abe ngumncinane. Kwakhona kwakufuneka ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa kwe-Islamism. Ngelo xesha, eYerusalem, ixesha elide, kwakukho indawo enkulu yamaYuda. Ukuthinjwa ngo-1099, i-Jerusalem Crusaders yenze inkunzi yokubulala, apho amaxhoba ama-Muslim namaYuda. Nangona kunjalo, nangona inani labemi liyancitshiswe ngokukhawuleza kwaSirayeli, abameleli bemihlaba yabemi abazange baphele ngokupheleleyo.

Ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe

Amaqela ngabanye okanye amalungu ombutho wamaMesiya kulo lonke iimbali baye babuya okanye bafuna ukuya kwaSirayeli. Ukuhamba okulandelayo kokufuduka kwekhulu le-17 neye-19, oko kukuthi, ngaphambi kokunyuka kweZiyonism, kukhokelela ekubeni iYerusalem yaseJudiya yoluntu ngo-1844 iyajika ibe yinto ephakamileyo phakathi kwezinye iindawo zonqulo. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqaphele ukuba amaza okufuduka kwamaYuda kwiminyaka yonke (ukususela ekupheleni kwe-19 nakwii-20 zenkulungwane) ayephambi kweemilambo ezincinci, ezincinci nezingaphantsi. Ukubuyiselwa kweZiyonist kwaqala, kunye nokufudukela e-Israel yasePalestinophile, kunye namalungu eBluu. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1882-1903. Emva koko, kwixa le-20 leminyaka, amaza amatsha okubuyela ekhaya ayenzeka, awalungiswa yiZionists. Ungubani, uya kuqonda kakuhle, ukwazi ukuba yintoni umgaqo-siseko weZiyonism.

Ingcamango ephambili yeZiyonism

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kule ntshukumo indawo ephambili ibanjwe ngcamango ngokubhekiselele kuyo i-Israel yindawo yangempela yelizwe lamaYuda. Ukuphila kwamanye amazwe kuthinjwa. Ukuchonga ngokuxoshwa kobomi kwi-Diaspora yindawo ephambili yengcamango yale ntshukumo, intsingiselo yeZiyonism. Ngoko, le ntshukumo ibonisa uxhulumano lwembali kunye namaSirayeli abantu bamaYuda. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo yinto yokuba yayiza kubakho ngaphandle kokushatyelwa kwamaYuda namhlanje, kunye noshutshiso kumaxesha anamhlanje amaYuda ayeya kufanelwa ukuba ayishiywe yodwa.

IZiyonism kunye nokulwa nobuYuda

Okokuthi, iZiyonism ingathathwa njengendlela yokusabela kwi-anti-Semitism. Omnye unokubona kwakhona inxaxheba yenkqubo yokulwa nekoloniyali, apho ucinezelo kunye nocalulo, ukuxhaphazwa kunye nokuthotywa, oko kukuthi, isikhundla sabantu abangaphantsi kwamandla angaphandle, babempawu.

Kubalulekile ukugxininisa kule nxu lumano yokuba iZiyonism yintlangano yezopolitiko ephendula kwi-anti-Semitism yanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, umntu kufuneka acinge ngamakhulu eminyaka yentshutshiso yamaYuda. Le nto ibonakaliswe eYurophu ixesha elide. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo, i-diasporas yaseYurophu yayixhomekeke ekubulaweni nasekuxhatshazweni ngenxa yezenkolo, ezentlalo, izizathu zezoqoqosho, kunye nobuhlanga kunye nobuzwe. EYurophu, amaYuda esendleleni eya kwiNgcwele (i-11th-12th century) abulawa ngamabutho e-crusaders, abulawa kwizihlwele ngexesha lesibetho sabantu, esityholwa yityhefu emithonjeni yeli-14 leminyaka, etshiswa emlilweni eSpain (ngekhulu le-15) ngexesha le-Inquisition. I-Massacre, eyenziwa e-Ukraine yi-Cossacks Khmelnitsky (ikhulu le-17). Amakhulu amawaka asePetlyura kunye nemikhosi yaseDenikin nayo yabulawa, eyabangela iZiyonism eRashiya kwimfazwe yombango. Umfanekiso ongezantsi unikezelwe kule miba.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala, imeko yaba yingozi. Emva koko ababulali bevela eJamani, apho amaYuda enza umzamo onzulu kunene.

Aba bantu kwimbali yonke baxoshwa phantse kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu: iFransi, iJamani, iSpeyin, iPortugal, i-Engilani, iLithuania kunye ne-Russia. Zonke ezi ngxaki ziqokelelele kangangamakhulu eminyaka, kwaye ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, amaJuda ayelahlekelwe ithemba lokuguquka ebomini babo.

Ngaba iinkokeli zale ntshukumo zaba yiZiyon?

Imbali yeZiyonism ibonisa ukuba iinkokeli zentlangano eya kwiZionists ziphendukele ngokuphindaphindiweyo emva kokuba zidibane ne-anti-Semitism. Oku kwenzeka kunye noMoses Ges, owatshutshiswa ngo-1840 ngokuhlaselwa ngamaYuda ahlala eDamasko. Oku kwenzeka kunye noLeon Pinsker, owathi emva kokubulawa kukaAlexandro II (1881-1882) wabethwa ngumxube we-pogroms, kunye no- Theodor Herzl (echazwe ngezantsi), ngubani nje njengombhali weParis wabona umkhankaso olwachasene namaSemiti owawungumhla we-1896 ngokuphathelele I-Dreyfus.

Iinjongo zeZiyonists

Ngaloo ndlela, inzululwazi yeZiyon njengenjongo yayo ephambili ibonelelwe isisombululo "sengxaki yamaYuda". Abaxhasi bakhe babijonga njengengxaki yabantu abangenakunceda, iincinci zesizwe ezingenazo ikhaya kunye neenkatho zabo zintshutshiso kunye ne-pogrom. Ngoko, saphendule umbuzo: "ZiZionists - ngubani lo?" Siyaphawula enye inomdla ngokuqhelekileyo, esiye sichazile.

Ulwahlulo kunye namaza okufuduka

Kukho uxhulumano olusondeleyo phakathi kweZiyon kunye nokutshutshiswa kwamaYuda ngolu hlobo lokuba amaninzi amakhulu amaza okufudukela e-Israel aye alandela ukucalulwa kunye nokubulawa kwabantu. Ngokomzekelo, u-Aliyah wokuqala wayephambi kwekhulu lama-19 nge-pogroms eRashiya. Iyesibini zaqala emva kweembalo ze-pogroms eBelarus nase-Ukraine ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwaye okwesithathu kwasabela ekubulaweni yimikhosi yaseDenikin kunye namaYuda asePetlyura kwimfazwe yombango. Yiyo ndlela iSionism yabonakala ngayo eRashiya. Owesine aliyah evela ePoland kwiminyaka ye-1920, emva kokuthotyelwa komthetho ojoliswe kwishishini lamaYuda. Kwiminyaka engama-30, ngo-Fifth Aliyah, bevela e-Austria naseJamani, bebalekela ubudlova baseNazi, njalo njalo.

Isiphelo

Iinjongo kunye nezenzo zeZionists, ngoko ke, zixhomeke ngokukodwa umsebenzi wokubuyisela ubulungisa bezembali. Oku akukona ubuhlanga, kuba le ngcamango ayifaki ukuphakama kwabantu abathile ngaphezu komnye, kunye nokukholiswa kwabantu abakhethiweyo okanye "uhlanga olucocekileyo". Kwakhona akunakwenzeka ukujonga iZiyon zehlabathi njengentlangano ye-bourgeois, ekubeni zonke iiklasi kunye noluntu lwaba nxaxheba kulo. Ngobunkokheli bayo, eneneni, kwakukho abantu abaninzi bemvelaphi yobunzima. Nangona kunjalo, kungatsho okufanayo nangeminye iminyango yokuguquka, kuquka i-communist ne-socialist. IZiyonism akusiyo "ingqiqo" ekhuthaza ukufudukela kwamaYuda kwaSirayeli. Babuyiselwa kuphela abo babelana ngombono weZionist wexesha elizayo kunye nembali yabantu.