Izinto ezibangela imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 gg.) Neziphumo zalo

ezibangela ezininzi imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 gg.) Lakhokelela ekuqaleni imfazwe phakathi kwezi emphaya mabini kwi Balkan Peninsula. Waba kuneziphumo ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela abantu baseMpumalanga mmandla.

ngxabano angehli

Ukuqwalasela izinto ezibangela imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 GG.), Kufuneka ke ukuba ungquzulwano phakathi kwala magunya ezimbini ubudala, zinzulu kakhulu kangangokuba yonke ungquzulwano rhoqo abaxhobileyo yaba phambili ubhalo khona umbango kwiinkulungwane ubudala phakathi kokumkani Sultan. Ukususela ngoko, ngenkulungwane XVII, ezi States umda eqhelekileyo, basoloko balwa phezu komhlaba kunye nezibonelelo.

Kule usukuzwano Turkey ngokuphindaphindiweyo bahlulwa, enika Romanov kwiphondo entsha - .. emathafeni Ukrainian, lo ulawulo Moldavian, njalo-njalo ngaphandle waba iCrimea War ka-1853-1856, xa Ottoman inkxaso ngokuphandle amagunya Western Yurophu, esoyika ukomelezwa ngokugqithisileyo Russia. . Nicholas I bafa ngeendlela ezininzi ukusuka meko ezinxulumene boyise umkhosi walo.

Unyana wokumkani ungasekhoyo, Alexander II wakwazi ukugqiba imfazwe ngoncedo iinzame ezinkulu ozakuzo, behamba concessions omkhulu yotshaba womanyano. Kodwa iSivumelwano ngo1856 wabanika isiqiniseko ukuba igazi ukuqala kwakhona. Izinto ezibangela imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 gg.) Alexander kwiminyaka emininzi kamva kwakhona ukuya kokuyaphula Ottoman.

Kucinezelwa nokuxubana Balkan

Emva kokuphela i iCrimea kweMfazwe, kwenye amanqaku i-Paris Uxolo iSivumelwano, Turkey uqinisekisa ukulingana yabantu namaKristu kweli lizwe. Yaba enye ezingangqinelaniyo ezininzi etsolo phakathi Ottoman kunye lonke elaseYurophu.

I Turks baba amaSilamsi, kodwa imimandla Balkan karhulumente baphila uninzi Slavic - yayingamaSerb, Croats, namaMontenegro kunye Bulgarians. Bonke aba bantu abathi bangamaKristu. Ngoko ke, lo ungquzulwano phakathi kwabo kunye nohlanga titular ayenxiba kuphela uphawu lwesizwe, kodwa confessional.

Izinto ezibangela imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 gg.) Ngaba kanye indawo engalinganiyo le Bulgarians. Bonke abantu Balkan Slavic wajonga ukumkani St. Petersburg njenge umlweli izilangazelelo zalo rhoqo kwaye ecela uncedo lwakhe.

Asinako ukuba Sultan kunye norhulumente bakhe baba ngasemva yokugonyamela namaKristu. Noko ke, urhulumente uye wajamelana mfazwe ngaphakathi kwilizwe ngokusebenzisa iminwe yakhe yaye akazange amnqande amaSilamsi nicinezela Bulgarians kunye namanye amaqela eentlanga.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX eTurkey "ukwahlula" Greece. Ilizwe yazimela emva kweminyaka yemfazwe wamagazi. Kodwa Kumashumi eminyaka eyalandela Ottoman waqhubeka ukulawula imimandla ethile apho kusekho amaGrike waphila.

Ngenxa yoko, kweli 1860s kwisiqithi saseKrete yaba kwimvukelo inkululeko, leyo zicinezelwa kabuhlungu. Ngoko ke, izinto ezibangela imfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1877-1878. Ilala kanye kukuba uBukhosi Ottoman ayikwazanga ayisekho imida yayo wangaphambili, lo gama athile amalungelo kwezizwe ezininzi Balkan.

ubudlelwane Gorchakov kaThixo

Alexander II waba ngukumkani xa iRashiya uphelelwe War iCrimea. Kwafuneka ukuba ndiye kwihlabathi esibi. Nangona ilizwe asilahlekanga intsimi, i-Black Sea fleet yatshatyalaliswa, namkhanyela ngokutsho isivumelwano. Kuba St. Petersburg kule imeko kuye nokuthotywa. Lo mlawuli omtsha waqeshwa kwisikhundla sokuba nguMphathiswa weMicimbi Foreign bafumana laso Alexander Gorchakov. mbali abaninzi bathi kuye "iincam grey"-nkqubo Russian bezinye iintlanga kwexesha.

I Tsar and Gorchakov baqalisa ukulungiselela le meko eziya zisiba ubudlelane kunye Ottoman kunye imfazwe ezayo. ERashiya, ngexesha loxolo sele kudlule iinguqu ezininzi: eli ligatya serfdom, utshintsho emkhosini kunye noqoqosho. Zonke ezi manyathelo kuquka kufuneka kunceda kwanokuphucula imikhosi exhobileyo zasekhaya.

Prussia Union

Emva kokuba imibuso yaseYurophu inkxaso ngokuphandle Turkey kwi iCrimea War, ubudlelwane omdala bezozakuzo kunye nabo baba engenakwenzeka. Le ally kuphela St. Petersburg waba Berlin. Ngeli xesha, uKumkani Prussia ngokukhawuleza bamanyane eJamani, bethanda ukwenza ubukhosi kazwelonke enye. welinye icala lakhe le Austria. Habsburg ubukhosi, nabanegunya e Vienna, nabo bathi lo nomanyano eJamani phantsi kolawulo lwakhe, kodwa woyiswa kumzabalazo nxamnye Hohenzollern.

Ngowe-1870, Prussia wamoyisa France kwiMfazwe yase Alsace kunye Lorraine. Le mpumelelo iye ukuba uKumkani Prussia ukubhengeza indalo le German Empire, nayo leyo equka ulawulo waseJamani ezincinane ezininzi. France wayengomnye guarantors ingqibelelo Ottoman. Russia and Germany asinikezele umfela ozakuzo abamanyeneyo, efuna ukunyanzela Paris ukuba bayeke ukuzibophelela kwabo Sultan. Esi sicwangciso ezichanileyo. Ukongeza, iRashiya iye kwakhona iphumelele ilungelo ukwakha iinqanawa kuLwandle Black.

kwango Bulgarian

Kungekudala oonozakuzaku Russian bafika Blanche ezinokufumaneka ukuze ichasane Ottoman. imvelaphi ochaphazelekayo, izizathu imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 GG.), Njengokuba kwakunye nesivumelwano yamagunya yaseYurophu. Ngelo xesha le mvukelo yenkululeko yesizwe e Bulgaria.

Janissaries wamphatha gadalala hayi kuphela ngabavukeli, kodwa abahlali. Esi sisizathu sokuba Russian-Turkish iMfazwe (1877-1878). Iziphumo le mvukelo ochaphazelekayo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Russia vusa imfazwe nxamnye Ottoman, inkxaso Bulgarians Orthodox lowo wacela uncedo kukumkani. Kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo phezu kweendonga weDanube waya phezu kwegazi phakathi imikhosi kula mazwe.

isiphumo ungquzulwano

Ukwazi zithini izizathu imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 GG.), Unga lula Ndiyaqonda ukuba iphelile into. Umkhosi Alexander II wawoyisa amaSilamsi isabise Istanbul. Sultan kwafuneka ukubhenela yokubonisana.

Ngo-1878 i-San Stefano uxolo sivumelwano sisayinwe. Ngokutsho kwakhe, Romania, Serbia neMontenegro baba geqe. Bulgarians ufumene Inkululeko ebanzi. Kungekudala, de facto, beza nabo baphuma phantsi kolawulo Istanbul. Russia bathelela kummandla Bessarabia kunye Kars kwi-South eCaucasus.