Izindlela zobugcisa kwiincwadi: iintlobo kunye nemizekelo

Njengoko uyazi, igama liyunithi eyisiseko nayiphi na ilwimi, kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo yindlela yayo yobugcisa. Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwesilulumagama ngeendlela ezininzi kubonisa ukuvakalisa intetho.

Kwimeko, igama lizwe elikhethekileyo , isibuko sombhali weengcamango kunye nesimo sengqondo sokwenene. Isicatshulwa sobuciko sinemeko yaso, isichasiso, ukuchaneka, iinyaniso ezikhethekileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yizambuko zobugcisa, imisebenzi yesigama ngokuxhomekeke kumongo.

Umbono ngamnye wehlabathi elikujikelezayo ubonakaliswe kwimixholo enokuncediswa kweengxelo zemifanekiso. Emva koko, ubugcisa bubokuqala kuyo yonke into yokuzibonakalisa komntu ngamnye. Ingubo yombhalo iboshwe kwimizobo, idala umfanekiso othakazelisayo nomoya wemifanekiso ethile. Ngamazwi, kukho izityhilo ezongezelelweyo, umbala okhethekileyo wombala odala uhlobo lwehlabathi esizifumanayo xa sifunda umbhalo.

Akukhona nje kuphela kwincwadi yokubhala, kodwa nangomlomo, intetho yokudibanisa, sisebenzisa, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ubuchule obuhlukahlukeneyo bokubukisa ubuciko, ukunika ingqondo, ukukholisa, imifanekiso. Makhe sibone ukuba yiziphi iindlela zobugcisa eziseRashiya .

Igalelo ngokukhethekileyo ekudaleni ukubonakalisa ngokusebenzisa izithobekiso, ngoko masiqale nabo.

Umzobo

Izakhono zobugcisa ezincwadini azikwazi ukucingelwa ngaphandle kokukhankanya ezibaluleke kakhulu kubo - izifuzo. Yindlela yokudala umfanekiso weelwimi ngehlabathi ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu ezisele zikhona ngolwimi ngokwalo.

Iintlobo zeesalathisi zingabonwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukunyanzeliswa, ukugqithisa, umile okanye umlando (ipumlo yesitya, iso lesaliti).
2. Iiyunithi ze-Phraseological zidibeneyo zengqamaniso zamagama ezinemvakalelo, ukuxilongwa, ukuzaliswa kwezikhumbuzo kwiintetho ezininzi zesizwe, ukucacisa (ukufa, isangqa esichukumisayo, njl.).
3. Isalathisi esinye (umzekelo, intliziyo engenamakhaya).
4. Kuye kwavela (intliziyo yi "bell in yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilev).
5. Ngokwesiko-mbongo (intsasa yobomi, umlilo wothando).
6. Umntu ngamnye-umbhali (umququ womgca wendlela).

Ukongezelela, isalathisi sinokuthi sibe yinto engumzekelo, into yokubonakalisa, i-hyperbole, i-paraphrase, i-meiosis, i-lito kunye nezinye iindlela.

Leli gama elithi "isimboli" lithetha ngokuguqulelwa kwi-Greek "transference". Kule meko, sijongana nokudluliselwa kwegama ukususela kwesifundo esinye kwesinye. Ukuze kwenzeke oko, kufuneka ukuba babe nohlobo oluthile lokufana, kufuneka babe kwinto enxulumene nayo. Isalathiso lizwi okanye ibinzana elisetyenziswe ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso ngenxa yokufana kweziganeko ezimbini okanye izinto ngokwempawu ezithile.

Olu tshintsho ludala umfanekiso. Ngako oko, isalathiso ngenye yeyona ndlela ekhangayo kakhulu yokubonisa intetho yobugcisa, inkondlo. Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kwalo mzila akuthethi ukungahambi kakuhle komsebenzi.

Isalathiso sinokuba sisilula okanye sibonakala. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinamibini, ukusetyenziswa kweenkondlo kuvuselelwe, kunye nesimo seenguqu ezilula kakhulu.

Metonymy

I-Metonymy yenye yeentlobo zeetrafow. NgesiGrike, eli gama lithetha "ukuqamba kabusha", oko kukuthi, ukudluliselwa kwegama lento enye kwenye. I-Metonymy iguqula elinye igama ngomnye ngesiseko sezinto ezikhoyo zengqiqo, izinto, njl. Oku kukunyanzeliswa ngentsingiselo ehambelanayo neziphathekayo. Umzekelo: "Ndadla iiplate ezimbini". Ukuxutywa kwamanani, ukuhanjiswa kwabo kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba izinto zikufuphi, kwaye i-adjacency ingaba ngexesha, kwindawo, njl njl.

I synecdoche

I-synecdoche yinto enobungakanani bemetonymy. NgesiGrike, eli gama lithetha "ukulungiswa". Utshintshelo olunjalo lwentsingiselo luvela xa, endaweni enkulu, umncinci ubizwa, okanye ngokuphambene; Esikhundleni senxalenye, inamba, kunye nenye. Umzekelo: "Ngokutsho kweMoscow".

Epithet

Izindlela zobugcisa kwiincwadi, uluhlu esilubhala ngalo ngoku, alukwazi ukucinga ngaphandle kwe-epithet. Ingumfanekiso, umendo, intsingiselo engumfuziselo, inhlanganisela yegama okanye igama elichaza umntu, into, into okanye isenzo esivela kwisigunyaziso sokugunyaza.

NgesiGrike, oku kuthetha "ukusetyenziswa, isicelo", oko kukuthi, kwimeko yethu, elinye igama linikezelwa kwenye.

I-epithet inenkcazo elula ihluke kwimbonakalo yayo yobugcisa.

Iingqungquthela eziqhubekayo zisetyenziswe kwidoloji njengendlela yokubonakalisa, kwaye njengenye yeyona ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu yokubonakalisa ubuciko. Ngengqiqo engqongqo yekota, kuphela ezo zendlela ezisezintanjeni, umsebenzi owenzayo ngamazwi enentsingiselo engumfuziselo, ngokuchasene neento ezibizwa ngokuba yi-epithets ezichanekileyo, ezichazwe ngamagama ngentsingiselo ecacileyo (iibhokhwe ebomvu, iintyatyambo ezintle). Iimifanekiso zenziwe ngokusebenzisa amagama ngentsingiselo engokomfuziselo. Ezi ziphephelo zidla ngokuba zibizwa ngokuthi zifana. Ukutshintshwa kwegama ngokuchanekileyo kwegama kungabi sisiseko sendlela.

I-Oxymoron yintlobo ye-epithet, okubizwa ngokuba yi-epithets ehlukeneyo, eyenza ukudibanisa kunye nezibizo ezichanekileyo zamagama aphikisayo (inzondo, inzondo enkulu).

The lekiswa

Ukuthelekiswa yindlela apho enye into ibonakaliswa ngokuqhathanisa nomnye. Oko kukuthi, oku kuthelekiswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ngokufana, okubonakalayo kunye nokungalindelekanga, kude. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakaliswa ngoncedo lwamagama athile: "kanye", "njengokungathi", "njengaye", "njengaye". Kwakhona, ukuthelekisa kungathatha ifom yesohlwayo.

Avatar

Ukuchaza iindlela zobugcisa kwiincwadi, kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya umntu. Olu luhlobo lwesimboli, olumele ukubiwa kwempahla yezinto eziphilayo kwizinto ezingenanto. Ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngokuncediswa kwezibheno kwizinto ezifanayo zendalo kunye nezilwanyana eziphilayo. Ukuveliswa kwakhona kukudluliselwa kwizilwanyana zeepropati zabantu.

Hyperbola kunye neLota

Siqaphele ezo ndlela zobugcisa bezobugcisa kwiincwadi njenge-hyperbole kunye ne-litote.

I-Hyperball (ekuguquleleni- "ukunyanisela") - enye yeendlela ezicacileyo zentetho, emele umfanekiso kunye nengqiqo yokunyaniseka kwezinto ezisengozini.

I-Litota (ekuguquleleni- "ukulula") - okuchasene ne-hyperbole - ukugqithisa ngokweqile into ekhoyo (intshantshi ngomunwe, umlimi onentsundu).

I-Sarcasm, ihlazo kunye nehlazo

Siyaqhubeka nokuchaza iindlela zobugcisa kwiincwadi. Uluhlu lwethu luya kuncediswa ngokukrakra, ukunyaniseka nokuhleka.

• I-Sarcasm ithetha ekuguquleleni kwi-Greek "inyama ye-moat". Le nto ibuhlungu, ukuhleka usulu, ukuphawula. Xa usebenzisa ukuhlambalaza, i-impact effect (comic effect) yenziwa, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo kubonakala ngokucacileyo ukuhlolwa kweengcamango kunye nomoya.
• Irony ekuguquleleni lithetha "ukuzenzisa", "ukuhleka." Kuvela xa umntu uthetha ngamagama, kodwa uthetha ngokuchaseneyo, okuchaseneyo.
• Ukuzihlaziya ngenye yeendlela ezisetyenzisiweyo zokubonakalisa, ekuguquleleni okubhekisela kwintetho "imizwelo", "umsindo". Kwi-comic, ukhiye obhaliweyo, ngezinye iixesha imisebenzi engapheliyo ibhalwe phantsi, apho kukho isimo sengqondo esilungeleleneyo ngento ethile. Umzekelo, ibali elithi "Chameleon" ngu-AP Chekhov, kunye neengxelo ezininzi ze-IA Krylov.

Iintlobo zobugcisa bezobugcisa zingapheli apho. Siyakubonisa ngolu hlobo oku kulandelayo.

I-Grotesque

Izinto ezibalulekileyo zezobugcisa kwiincwadi ziquka izinto eziyingozi. Igama elithi "elihle" lithetha "inzima", "inqabileyo". Esi sixhobo sobugcisa kukuphulwa kobunzima bezinto, izinto, iziganeko eziboniswe kumsebenzi. Kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekudaleni, umzekelo, ME Saltykov-Shchedrin ("INkosi yaseHolovlev," "Imbali yeso sixeko," ibali lefestile). Esi sixhobo sobugcisa esekelwe ukunyaniseka. Nangona kunjalo, iqondo lalo likhulu kunaloo-hyperbole.

I-Sarcasm, i-irony, ihlazo kunye nezobuqhophololo ziyaziwa ngobuchule bokubhala kwezobugcisa. Imizekelo yezinto zokuqala ezintathu ziindaba ze-AP Chekhov kunye neNN Gogol. Ukudala ubuchule bukaJ. Swift (umzekelo, "Uhambo lweGulliver").

Iyiphi indlela yokwenza umlobi (uSalkovkov-Shchedrin) asebenzise ukudala umfanekiso kaYudas kwincwadi ethi "INkosi yaseHolovlev"? Ewe, kudla. I-Irony kunye nokukhazamisa ikhona kwimibongo ka-V. Mayakovsky. Uthotho luzaliswe yimisebenzi nguZoshchenko, uShukshin, uKozma Prutkov. Ezi zobugcisa zobugcisa kwiincwadi, imimiselo esiyifake yona, njengoko ubonayo, isetyenziswa kakhulu ngababhala beRussia.

Pun

I-pun isimboli yentetho, emele ukungabikho kokuzibandakanya okanye ukungaboni ngamabango xa kusetshenziswe kumxholo wesibini okanye ngaphezulu kweentsingiselo zegama okanye ngokufana nesandi sabo. Iintlobo zakhe - i-paronomasia, i-etymologization yamanga, i-zevgma kunye ne-concretization.

Kwi-puns, i-wordplay isekelwe kwi-homonymy kunye ne-polysemy. Ama-anecdotes avela kubo. Olu buchule lobugcisa lunokufumaneka kwi-V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, uKozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.

Umfanekiso weentetho - yintoni na?

Leli gama elithi "umfanekiso" ngesiLatini liguqulela ngokuthi "ukubonakala, umhlathi, umfanekiso." Igama likhulu kakhulu. Eli gama libhekisela kwintetho yobugcisa? Iindlela zendlela yokubonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo ngokumalunga namanani: ukuvakalisa izibongo, imibuzo, izibheno.

Iyintoni "umzila"?

"Liliphi igama lecebo lobugcisa usebenzisa igama ngelizwi lentsingiselo?" - uyabuza. Igama elithi "iindlela" lidibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo: i-epithet, isalathisi, i-metonymy, ukuthelekisa, i-synecdoche, i-litota, i-hyperbole, udidi lomntu kunye nabanye. Ekuguquleleni, igama elithi "umzila" lithetha "inzuzo". Ukususela kwiintetho eziqhelekileyo, ubugcisa buhluke ngohlobo lokuba usebenzise ukuguqulwa okukhethekileyo okugcoba intetho, okwenza kube lula ngakumbi. Izitayela ezahlukeneyo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwingcamango "yokubonisa" inkulumo yobugcisa yikhono lobhaliweyo, umsebenzi wobugcisa ukuba ube ne-esthétique, impembelelo yengqondo kumfundi, yenze imifanekiso yombongo kunye nemifanekiso ecacileyo.

Sonke siphila kwilizwe lezandi. Eminye yazo ibangela ukuba sibe nemvakalelo emihle kuthi, abanye, ngokuchaseneyo, bakhathazeke, baxakeke, bangela ukuba uxhalabise, bavuselele okanye babangele iphupha. Izandi ezahlukeneyo zenza imifanekiso eyahlukileyo. Ngobudlelwane babo, unokumchaphazela emoyeni umntu. Ukufunda ubugcisa bezenzo zoncwadi kunye nobugcisa baseRussia, sibona ngokucacileyo isandi sabo.

Iindlela eziphambili zokudala ukubonisa ukukhanya

• I-Alliteration yinto ephindaphindiweyo yezikhonkwane ezifanayo okanye ezifanayo.
• I-Assonance - ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokukhenkcela kwamazwi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo i-alliteration kunye ne-assonance zisetyenziswe kwimisebenzi kanyekanye. Ezi zakhono zijoliswe ekubambiseni imibutho eyahlukeneyo kumfundi.

Ukufumana isandi kwiincwadi

Ukurekhoda komculo kuyisixhobo sobugcisa, oko kukusetyenziswa kwezandi ezithile kwi-odolo ethile ukudala umfanekiso othile, oko kukuthi, ukukhethwa kwamagama axelisa izandi zehlabathi langempela. Le ndlela isetyenziswe kwiingcamango zombini kwizibongo kunye neprose.

Iintlobo zesandi:

1. I-Assonance-eguqulelwe esuka kwisiFrentshi ithetha "ikhonkco." I-Assonance yinto yokuphindaphinda izandi ezifanayo okanye ezifanayo zesilumkiso kwisicatshulwa ukwenza isandi esithile somsindo. Ikhuthaza ukutshatyalaliswa kwentetho, isetyenziswe ngababongi beengqungquthela, izibongo zeengoma.
2. I-Alliteration - ukusuka kwisiGrike "ileta". Le ndlela iphindaphinda iinconta kwisicatshulwa sobugcisa ukwenza isandi esithile somsindo, ukwenzela ukuba intetho yeengqungquthela ibonakalise ngakumbi.
3. I-Onomatopoeia - ukudluliselwa kwamagama akhethekileyo, ukukhumbuza izandi zezinto ezizenzekelayo kwihlabathi elijikelezile, ukubonakala kweengxelo.

Ezi ndlela zobugcisa kwiindinyana ziqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba intetho yeengqungquthela ayiyi kuba yimilo.