Izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa: neenafu emikhulu yezithuthi. Ukwakhiwa izimvu-Amur plaza

Izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa - enye bakwaloliwe ezinkulu ehlabathini. ekwakhiweni kwayo idlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kummandla eSiberia, yaba ngunobangela lokusekwa amashishini industrial, ukuvela izixeko ezintsha, babonelele ngemisebenzi amawaka abantu kweli lizwe.

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Urhulumente Russian lithathe isigqibo sokuba ulwakhiwo izimvu-Amur kaloliwe kwi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Le runs indlela ngokusebenzisa kumantla izimvu, bekuya kuba impumelelo kuphuhliso imimandla wasempuma. Emva kwemfazwe, i yaseJapan kwafuneka ukusombulula ingxaki imimandla nzima-to-supply mpuma. LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, Revolution kunye neziphumo zayo kunyanzeleke ukuba elinye lo mba - eSoviet Union xa kwakungekho ndlela okanye izakhono ukuphumeza iprojekthi ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.

Kwakhona wamthabatha de 1930. Kwintlanganiso ye urhulumente Babeke umbutho ekhethekileyo ukuze asebenze kule projekthi kaloliwe, neliya kuthi ohlasela kaloliwe kwelentshona ye-eSiberia, kodwa ibekwe ukuya emantla nokubonelela eKFC kunxweme wePasifiki. Ngelo xesha iindlela ezintsha ukunika igama - izimvu-Amur zokurhafisa. Enkulu neendawo zokuhamba ezilungele Irkutsk, Amur Region, iyavuma Territory, balele kwiRiphabliki Buryatia kunye Yakutia amazwe ingafikeleleki. Sele 1933 kaloliwe wokuqala, loo ndawo iye yamiselwa.

zokwakha

umsebenzi Full-iscale ekwakhiweni BAM, nto leyo enxulumene Taishet kunye Sovetskaya Gavan, umzi kufuphi nonxweme wolwandle, yaqala ngo-1937. ASB nangoko wafumana igama sikweni - "ukwakhiwa kwinkulungwane". Oku akothusi. Ukwakhiwa izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa yayitsala iminyaka, wayeka iminyaka embalwa ngenxa yemfazwe, uze emva koko ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali. Nanamhla oku, i-BAM yenye yeeprojekthi kakhulu eninzi yagqitywa kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Kuba ukwakhiwa zeentolongo lonke lizwe neenkampu kutsala amawaka amabanjwa. Abasemagunyeni eyayiphazamisa labantu ukuba athathe inxaxheba ekwakhiweni kwendlela, apho bekumele ukuba ikamva lamandla. Abakhi ukubonelela ngendawo yokuhlala kwaye zonke izibonelelo eziyimfuneko. Nokwakhiwa kweendlela kunye nesixeko bavela eSiberia.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1942 ukuya emsebenzini 1947 wamiswa ngenxa yemfazwe. Yokumisa elandelayo kwenzeka ngo-1953. projekthi olubizayo efunekayo mali zeentengo ezinkulu kunye nezibonelelo zabantu.

Ukwakhiwa kuqaliswe kuphela emva phantse-20 iminyaka - ngo-1974. "Ukwakhiwa kwinkulungwane" kwako kwakhona ekhawulezayo isantya, yaye kakuhle imiyalelo eziliqela. Kwathatha elinye kwiminyaka eli-12 ukuya ukudibanisa zonke iziza. Ngeli xesha, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwizithili eziliqela lizwe abaqeshwe kwaqeqeshwa abasebenzi zokwakha malunga 2 million. Ngowe-1989, kwakukho BAM epheleleyo kule mephu Russia. Kwangaxeshanye oko kwabalelwa ngokusesikweni ukusebenza.

Izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa: izikhungo emikhulu yezithuthi

ASB iqala kwisikhululo Taishet Trans-Siberian Railway, yaye emva koko uya eMpuma. Nantsi sisiqalo wendlela odibanisa mazwe mabini zibalaseleyo iprojekthi yezothutho. yayakhelwe Xa izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa, neenafu emikhulu yezithuthi ziye ngokubonakalayo "bekhula" ababhaliswe ngeendleko abakhi ezivela kulo lonke ilizwe eze apha emsebenzini, waza ke wemka yokuhlala isigxina.

Indlela izikhululo eziphambili zezi: Taishet, Tynda, Nerungri, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Soviet Harbor. ASB waba kaloliwe yokuqala kummandla Yakutia, apho kungenxa yokuba iimeko zendalo ezinzima kudala wonqanyulwa, ungabikho elizweni, kunye nomyalezo wenziwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa eehambo ngomoya.

Uphuhliso umhlaba owawurhangqe ezi BAM

Abayili, ukudibanisa i Trans-Siberian Railway ukuya kunxweme Pacific, wakhetha indlela ngekamva kwendlela, bagqume zezimbiwa enkulu. Ngaloo kwacetywa ukwandisa ukusebenza kwezithuthi. imizila kaloliwe baba ukuzisa iinzuzo ezibambekayo kunye nokuququzelela ukuthuthwa kwezimbiwa.

Eyona kufundwe ngendlela elandela BAM abo imigodi: Ogodzhinskaya kunye Elga, Udokanskoye ubhedu, i-oli negesi amasimi e Talakanskoye, VC, Yarakta kunye nakwezinye iindawo. Kwakhona, kukho iidipozithi ebonakalayo ekrwada intsimbi, nezentsimbi ekrwada zobhedu, apatite kunye negesi kwezinye iindawo endleleni. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kunye nokwanela komsebenzi kula maziko, kuyimfuneko ukuseka isibonelelo sezothutho kummandla ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwezibonelelo ngqo kuloo ndawo ekulayisheni emotweni.

Uninzi Izikhululo enkulu endleleni

Ngenxa ukwakha le ndlela waba nedolophu Ust-Kut, Tynda (le yokugqibela yaziwa ngokuba "intliziyo BAM"). Taishet - station ngokweqhinga ebalulekileyo, indawo apho kuphuma izimvu-Amur zokurhafisa. iindawo zokuhamba ezinkulu nazo kucanda Tynda, elandelwa kwamasebe amabini: i-North (in Nerungri) kunye noMzantsi (at Skovorodino), izihlanganisi, ngendlela efana kunye Trans kaloliwe.

I-terminal Isikhululo - isixeko Sovetskaya Gavan, ibekwe ngasechwebeni i-Tatar Strait. Waziwa ngokuba omnye elide - intunja, leyo kuthiwa ukudibanisa Sakhalin kunye nemisinga. De kube ngoku, le projekthi ayenziwanga. In Soviet Harbour luhle station 3, kodwa umkhweli oololiwe siyeke kwenye indawo ekufutshane. Kwakhona, ukuba uloliwe umkhweli ukuya West yelizwe, kufuneka ulandele nge Vladivostok, ukuba unako kuviwane imoto isikhotshi.

Amanye kololiwe kule ndawo

Izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa ibandakanya VSZHD subordinated icandelo yeSiberia indlela, kunye Far Eastern - kwi Amur Region kunye iyavuma Territory. ASB uphinda kaloliwe kwelentshona ye-eSiberia, ukubaleka ecaleni kumda osemazantsi eRashiya (efana - ngokusebenzisa Siberian kunye Far Eastern imimandla).

Izicwangciso uphuhliso BAM

Ingxaki ephambili kaloliwe ihlala ukuba, nangona kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-15 yobomi kwinkonzo, kusenjalo lutho. kwimizila kaloliwe zinethemba elikhulu, nto leyo ayemzonda ngale ndlela, xa abayili ndikudalile oko, kodwa sele awukaphunyezwa okwangoku.

Ubunzima ephambili iza kuxhomekeka kukuba ukuya kwi iidipozithi eziphambili izimbiwa kunye ores azinikezelwanga iyilungisile indlela umyalezo. Emva kokugqitywa yokwakha, kwagqitywa ukuqhubeka kunjalo ukuphuhlisa indlela, kuqala ngenxa ekuweni waseUSSR, koko ngenxa yokuba imeko ezingazinzanga yezoqoqosho kweli-90 kunye iingxaki zoqoqosho kwihlabathi kwi kowama-2000, izicwangciso ziye ngokuphindaphindiweyo elinye ixesha. Ngo-2011, kwakhona eso sifundo ephakanyiswe yi Vladimir Putin. Kucetywa ukuba kuzakwandisa isantya uloliwe, amandla kunye umbane.

iimpawu Jikelele izimvu-Amur plaza

Ubude iyonke indlela 4.300 km, ekukhethwa ukuba ibe iquka indlela enye. Kumzila kaloliwe ngeendlela ezimbini ezakhiwe kuphela Taishet ukuya Lena kwaye ubude neekhilomitha 700.

BAM Construction wawunzima yi iimeko zemozulu ezinzima. Kwizikhululo zokuvota ezininzi kwafuneka ukuba kwakhiwe ilizwe permafrost, kwiindawo ezithandwa ziinyikima. 11 iibhulorho zakhiwa yi elibaleka imilambo, kwama-30 km zendlela udlula imigudu Rock. Highlands kwakhona nzima kakhulu ukwakhiwa kaloliwe.