3M moya: imbali kwendalo kunye nophuhliso, iinkcukacha

3M moya - bomber qhinga yiSoviet, leyo wakhonza malunga amane eminyaka. Ngokwembali le kwafuneka ezininzi iziganeko ezahlukeneyo. Ekugqibeleni ndafumana igama exutyiweyo. Abanye bathi le modeli kaxakeka moya, ngoxa abanye ibe yimpumelelo enkulu. Ngenye indlela, 3M moya, imbali leyo eye sasingumba incoko yethu, sifanele ingqalelo njengeprojekthi ngokunzulu moya Soviet.

IMVELAPHI OF THE

Kule 1940, xa kwakukho isixhobo senyukliya, kwaba yimfuneko zokuhamba kunye nokuhanjiswa mobile kwindawo oyifunayo. complex Military kwakufuneka bomber ukuba iimpawu ingagqitha ezo zifumaneka ngexesha Umfuziselo amaxesha 1.5-2. Ngoko uphawu bomber-qhinga kwasekwa. America baqalisa ukuphuhlisa ezi moya ngaphambili. Ngowe-1946, inkampani nje ezimbini American eyama - "iBoeing" yaye "Convair" - benza kuphuhliso bomber qhinga. Ngoko ke, lo moya yokuqala ngo-1952 moya abazimiseleyo B-52 no-B-60. Zombini ezi modeli zahluka langaphambili silingi eliphezulu nesantya enomtsalane kunye noluhlu.

Qala yophuhliso

ESoviet Union lasungula uphuhliso efanayo kunye ulibaziseko ebalulekileyo. Yonke le nto yaqala nesibakala sokuba umyili B. Myasischev, uprofesa le Moscow Aviation Institute, wacebisa ukuba urhulumente ukudala bomber qhinga kukwazi ukubhabha ukuya ku 12,000 leekhilomitha. Ngenxa yoko, ngokubhungisana neengcali, Stalin isigqibo ngokwayo kuphuhliso lwayo uxanduva mabayiyaleze Myasishcheva-moya yayo ecetywayo, kodwa beka ebekiweyo engqongqo. Development ukuba igqitywe May 24, 1951. Council of Ministries USSR wayalela ulwakhiwo moya ukusungulwa emva kokuvalwa kwalo OKB-23 MAP. umyili Chief waba Myasischev. Kungekudala Air Force alimwi kwi intloko iimfuno yamacebo zobugcisa matshini yamkelwe. uluhlu ibihamba ukuba abe ngaphantsi kwe-12 ophosa kunye nomthwalo iibhombu neetoni 5. Lo moya kwafuneka ukubhabha ngesantya ka-900 km / h kuyo ezinobude yeekhilomitha 9.

Ixesha elabelwe ukuba bayile kwaye ukwakha bomber for "Project 25" (njengoko yayibizwa ngexesha nophuhliso), wafuna yi kwisiyilo bureau wentsebenziswano kunye neminye imibutho emininzi kweli shishini: kwezinye ii-ofisi yoyilo, amaziko ophando kunye neefektri.

Uphuhliso zokuqala

-Moya yokuqala ukwenza imizobo L. Selyakov - ke indima lowo wengcibi yokuluka, ezihamba kunye prochnista ngaxeshanye. B. Myasischev ixesha benza ukuyilwa yoqhekeko, amasebe kunye namaqela. Iqela wadalwa ngaxeshanye kunye bomber. Kule projekthi umzobo zexesha elifutshane salungiswa yaye savunyelwa. Ngelo xesha Kwathi kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba i eSoviet Union akazange akhuphe i-moya enkulu kunye enzima ngolo hlobo. Ngomatshini kufuneka imilo ezintsha zobungakanani kunye neemathiriyeli, kwakunye nokuhlelwa.

Le bomber kwafuneka ukuba intsebenzo entle ashukimisayo, ukuphuhlisa isantya ngakumbi kuba njengokukhanya kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Le abayili ingqalelo enkulu imilo iphiko. Kwiinyanga zokuqala ezintandathu yophuhliso kwi tonela umoya TsAGI yahlola ezahlukeneyo imifuziselo, ide wafunyanwa kangangoko. iphiko Created ukukhanya kangako, yaba izabelo ekupheleni bhetyebhetye decompression lwenziwa yi isakhiwo. Kuhle ukuba ukuxhathisa impembelelo enomoya. Le yingcambu Iphiko kwaku Motors, ngamnye nokuba umoya otyiwa. Nayo ungoyiswa kukuphelisa impembelelo efanayo ye-injini xa ukusebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nemilomo ezifakwe iinqwelomoya tye kunye nkqo degrees-4. Eli nyathelo kuyimfuneko ukuze zokususwa jet igesi olulophu fuselage kunye empennage.

izixhobo

Power Plant bomber kwakukho Mikulino zokwakha ezine enamandla jet injini. intonga kwabo 8700 kg. Xa kuyilo bid amandla lwenziwe ukuthembeka ubuninzi. Hi ndlela leyi, ngokutsho yasekuqaleni, moya yafakwa kunye iinjini ezintathu injongo 13.000 kgf. Noko ke, OKB Dobrynin kungekho xesha ngexesha elingephi ukulungiselela AMAGQABAZA ▸ ezi injini.

Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye ukhetho abathungi bomber isisu semoto ekhethiweyo. Ku dyondza Dynamics ukuhanjiswa moya onzima evulekile iqela ekhethekileyo ingcali walungiswa. Ekuqaleni ingqalelo iinkqubo isisu semoto: umgangatho imilenze ezintathu, multisupporting kunye ngebhayisekile. Ngexesha uvavanyo ngokwayo kubonakala kangcono isisu semoto ezakhiwe kwiskim phambi "vzdyblivayuscheysya" netroli ngeebhayisekile ezikhaphukhaphu osisi walungiselela kwi eziphelweni kwamaphiko. Le ndiza ibisuka chu evulekile wayisusa nobude olifunayo ngokugcina nesiqalo ukubaleka.

pair Headache kweevili ekhwele netroli ngaphambili, ezijolise kwi lomqolo engile encinane (15 + ^0). Xa isibini guququ, ulwalathiso iitroli intshukumo watshintsha, yaye emva kokuba watshintsha kwaye ulwalathiso moya yonke. In "vzdyblivaniya" imo, isibini phambi yamavili kokuba esingaphathekiyo. Ngelo isigaba sokugqibela ukuba le empumlweni moya uphakanyiselwa kunye engile yokuhlasela landa. Ukuthatha inxaxheba uhambo ye pilot leyo engephi. Esi sikimu kuvavanywa elabhoratri eziphaphazelayo "Tu-4", ezinamavili kokwehla nezixhobo leyo endaweni ngokukodwa ibhayisekile. Kwabakho eyabangumzekelo iitroli ezahlukeneyo esisebenza ngombane. iisampulu chassis abanamava ibikade kwisakhiwo ngokupheleleyo iimvavanyo baqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwayo ukusetyenziswa kwi bomber.

umthwalo Aircraft sazo yaba 24 kunye kuwa inkulu ukuvuleka - 9000 kg. Ngenxa radar emehlweni BPM-4 yanikezelwa ngendlela zokuqhushumbisa. Xa bomber yaba izixhobo entle ezinamandla nezokhuselo. It iqulathe imipu ezintandathu oluzenzekelayo abanjalo 23 mm. Bona zabekwa ngababini ezintathu kweeyunithi rotary kwi fuselage eliphezulu, ezisezantsi ngasemva. Eli qela, ebandakanya abantu abasibhozo, ahlaliswe kwikhebhini ezimbini enoxinzelelo. Izihlalo betekisi wehlela izivingco.

test

NgoDisemba 1952 lwakwakhiwa indiza bomber. January 20 kunyaka ozayo, imoto okokuqala ephakanyiswe emoyeni. pilot Flight ukuhlolwa yi F. Opadchiy. Ukususela ngaloo mini yaqala xa iimvavanyo mveliso isampulu ngesantya esiphezulu. Yayiqhubeka de-Aprili 15, 1954. Ulibaziseko kwakungenxa bulkiness kunye nokuphelela kovavanyo.

Ubunzima eliphezulu ukubhabha moya yaba ukuya kwiitoni 181,5. Isantya Its kwintaba ephakame 6700 m wayelingana ayi 947 ngeyure. isilingi Service (uluhlu maximum) kunye ubunzima iitoni 138 of obeziimitha 12.500. Nabaqambi likwazile ukufaka kwibhodi umqulu olumbaxa matanki amafutha. Bahambisa 132 390 eelitha zamafutha. Nangona kunjalo, intlawulo maximum kuphelela iilitha 123600.

Ngowe-1954, uvavanyo kwakunxibelelene proto yesibini, apho asisifutshane ku-1 m impumlo isahlulo, indawo iphiko enkulu kunye nenani kwezinye zikho. Iinjineli baye baqalisa ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kunobukhulu bendawo bomber. Ngeli xesha wokuwonga elaa umyili kumatshini Myasishcheva igama "Aeroplane M". "3M" - ikhowudi eyabelwa imodeli kamva. Kodwa ekuqaleni, kwathiwa M-4.

Iimvavanyo akubona indlela engcono. On kakhulu ukusebenza moya ngokupheleleyo ngokuhambelana nemiyalelo, kodwa imfuno engundoqo - noluhlu ubuninzi kunye neetoni 5 zibhubhisa ebhodini - akaba nako ukuhlangabezana. Emva bobuyekezo eziliqela bomber nangoku ukuba samkelwe. Kodwa ke umbuzo yokungeneli uluhlu moya kwavuleka.

kokunciphisa

Ukusombulula ingxaki ngasentla, a bomber kwi-injini enamandla ngakumbi ukanti enoqoqosho RD-3M, nto leyo iye yaphuhliswa P. Barb. Bomber nge isityalo esitsha amandla awawafumana index "3M". Enyanisweni, iinjini zilungiswe iinguqulelo ze iinjini AM-3A. Ibambelele iyohluleka inyukile 9500 kgf. Ngaphezu koko, ukufakelwa RD-3M waba imo yonxunguphalo, 500kGs leyo xa kuthe ukungaphumeleli motor ukunyuka amandla 10 nezinye. Ngezixhobo mandla 3M moya akwazi ukufikelela ngesantya 930 km / h kwakunye ngaphandle kokuyeka umgama ukuya 8100 km.

Kule ukufuna amathuba ukwandisa uluhlu yokusabela alukapheli. Uguqulelo test yesibini exhotyiswe nenkqubo yokugalela amafutha ezithuthi oluphuhliswe OKB Alekseev. Kubonakele "intonga" Ukuphelelwa lixesha amafutha ngaphezu moya. Well egiyeni exhotyiswe itanki ezongezelelweyo, izixhobo zokumpompa kunye sokutsala into ngentambo.

Ngoxa moya wadalwa 3M Myasishcheva umsebenzi enxuseneyo lwaqhutywa kwi kuphuhliso uguqulelo yayo eziphakamileyo, ezafumana isihloko yokusebenza ka-2m. Yinto nabaqambi ezichazwe ukuseka kwangoko ezine turbojet injini HP-5 - phezu iipayiloni phantsi kwephiko bahlukane. Noko ke, ukuyilwa "ngokugabadelayo" wayeka ukusukela kuguqulelo 3M akwazi ukufikelela iimpawu zayo zoyilo.

3M Air: uphuhliso

Nangona umsebenzi olungileyo, umzekelo uye waqhubeka ngokwanda. March 27, 1956 moya yokuqala imoto 3M. Lo moya wafumana vd-7 injini ezitsha, nto leyo yaba injongo 11,000 kgf. Noko ke, beba bakuzuzile mafutha anganeno kunye ngaphantsi elisetyenziswayo. Okokuqala, lo moya kufakwa injini ezimbini ezintsha, yaye ngo-1957 - zone. Esebenzisa ukufakelwa yoqwalaselo entsha amaphiko kunye nokuphuculwa iimpawu tye umsila umgangatho ashukimisayo-moya landa ngokuphawulekayo. Ukongeza, lo mqulu anda amatanki amafutha. It likwazile ukuphumeza oku, kubandakanya iitanki injini. Ababini kubo lokusila kwi bay iibhombu (ukuba umthwalo iibhombu kuvunyelwa), kunye nabanye ababini - ngaphantsi kwamaphiko, phakathi iinjini.

3M moya, iimpawu apho Sixoxa namhlanje, wafumana design okulula. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima akhe lenyuka ukuya kwiitoni 193, kwaye kwindawo namatanki, kwaye nkqu nangaphezulu - ukuya kwiitoni 202. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inxalenye ngaphambili fuselage ifumene layout entsha. Kwakukho amathuba ihamba isikhululo eriyali ukusuka inxalenye fuselage impumlo, leyo uye wandiswa kwimitha 1. Ngezixhobo yokukhangela entsha moya 3M akwazi ukuqhuba kuhlasela ngempumelelo ukusuka ngokugabadelayo ngalo naliphi na ixesha kwaye naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko.

Ngenxa yazo zonke ukuphuculwa zikhokelele kwinto yokuba uluhlu eliphezulu, xa kuthelekiswa iinguqulelo ezidlulileyo, liye landa nge-40%. Kunye nokuchitha mnye, idrophu amatanki kunye nomthwalo iibhombu eliphezulu eli nani ligqithe km 15,000. Ukoyisa umgama enjalo, kwafuneka ukuba malunga nama-20 iiyure lo moya. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho ithemba ukusebenzisa njengendlela bomber enjalo. moya 3M yile umatshini ukuba ekuqaleni wayefuna ukudala Myasischev imithwalo yemfanelo ngakumbi, kwaye kunye nenkxaso Stalin.

Enye 3M quality umdla kukuba oko zingasetyenziswa njenge elide-uluhlu inomzimba olwandle. Torpedoes wangena lilonke labasebenzi kwezixhobo, kodwa zisetyenziswa kunqabile kakhulu. Iimvavanyo zokuqala zaye zenziwa offshore ukhetho bomber wayesekuloo kwase M-4.

3M moya Merit

Plane emva kokuba uphuculo yakutshanje yamkelwa bafakwa imveliso. Ngowe-1959, nabaqhubi N. Goryainov ne BI Stepanov, kunye nabasebenza kuzo abafake iirekhodi ihlabathi 12. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ukunyuka ukusuka ton-10 imithwalo ukuya kubude kweekhilomitha ngaphezulu kwe-15 kunye ekuchithekeni cargo ton-55 ukuya kubude kweekhilomitha ezili-2. Tables World Records moya ebizwa 201M. Kulo nyaka, uvavanyo olulingwayo A. ze GTK kunye neqela lakhe ebeka irekhodi isantya kwindlela evaliweyo, ezinamazinga angafaniyo kulayishwa. Ezinobunzima umthwalo kweetoni 25, waba isantya 1028 km / h. Xa amaxwebhu asemthethweni 3M Myasishcheva moya kwakhona wabiza omnye - 103M.

Xa bomber omtsha wangena inkonzo, inxalenye iinguqulelo wakhululwa ngaphambili ye-M-4, nto leyo eyahlukileyo kuphela isityalo amandla buthathaka, ziguqulwe yokufunxa.

Iingxaki ukusebenza kunye injini entsha

Nangona ukusebenza liphezulu, moya yaba eziliqela iingxaki. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo kukuba yaba ngaphantsi kakhulu kunalowo iinjini RD-3M-500A ixesha phakathi overhauls iinjini vd-7. Ngoko ke, ngenjongo yokuphumeza ukulungiswa iinjini lwesiqhelo rhoqo zatshintsha. Ngoxa iingxaki kunye HP-7, phezu iinqwelo nimisa abo efanayo RD-3M, nto leyo eyaqala yimpumelelo imodeli. Nale mveliso kwathiwa 3ms. Kakade ke, xa kuthelekiswa ne-moya 3M yabonisa iziphumo okubi, kodwa kungcono kakhulu eguqulweyo ngokubaxwa i layo - inguqulelo M-4. Ingakumbi, ngaphandle kokufaka ZMS moya andizele iikhilomitha 9.400.

Iingxaki kunye injini bavunyelwa ukuguqula uphuhliso vd-7B. Ukwenza ubomi injini, abayili kwafuneka ukunciphisa ukuwutyhalela kwayo kwinqanaba le-RD-3M. Yaba 9500 Kum. Kufuneka sivume ukuba, nangona ubomi injini yandiswa yaye anda izihlandlo eziliqela, akazange ifikelele kumgangatho we-RD-3M. Noko ke, jikelele, ukonakala iimpawu ziqala, ngenxa ukusebenza loo mveliso, 15% ngaphezulu ngaphezu 3ms ukukhululwa umgama.

Ukulungisa kunye iinjini vd-7BWathi ebizwa 3MN. Xa ubajongile engafani ukusuka kuguqulelo kwebhonethi 3ms kuphela. On top of ukwesona vd-7BWathi bathintelwa izivingco umiselwe ukukhuphela emoyeni olulophu ngaphantsi namabhanti badlule. Xa ibhabha, le ntaka kwakhona hlukile: injini vd-7B zishiya nomzila kakuhle zimakishwe yomsi.

ukulungisa nezinto zakutshanje

Ngowe-1960 kwafika omnye nenguqulo moya, leyo kuthiwa 3MD. It sifake izixhobo phambili ngakumbi kunye ezihamba eziphuculweyo. Motor wahlala okufanayo.

Xa uhlelo 60 ka-moya yaqala ukuba ukwehla ngcembe, yaye kungekudala zaphela nya. Ubunkokeli lizwe utshintshile eziphambili kude rocketry. Ngoko ke, omnye ekuhlaseleni zitshintsha wafumana motor igama vd-7P 3ME, wahlala AMAGQABAZA ▸. iinjini andize wakwakhe landile ukuya 11300 Kum. Uvavanyo lwenziwa ngo-1963. Noko ke, uluntu usakhumbula 3M moya - imbali Model ayipheli apha.

Ekunciphiseni kwenani ekuhlaseleni qhinga, ezinye zazo (3ms version kunye 3MN) ziguqulwa zibe zidlula ukuba ifake. Baya refueled emoyeni "Tu-95", kunye eseleyo nempembelelo abaxhobileyo moya 3M. Petrol 3M, ngaloo ndlela, batshintsha inguqulelo M-4-2. Kodwa, enyanisweni, yaba yonke umatshini mnye, kuphela Iimoto ezahlukeneyo kunye nonxibelelwano ezinxulumene.

ngxaki yesithuthi

Kwi-70 emva kwexesha kwabakho imfuneko beeyunithi zezithuthi kwisakhiwo esitsha enomjukujelwa kunye iifektri kwi Baikonur cosmodrome. Ngenxa yobukhulu enkulu, ubunzima kunye nomgama zothutho onesidima, akukho yeendidi yokuthutha akakwazi ukusombulula le ngxaki. Umzekelo, launcher itanki engundoqo Ubude 40 nobubanzi - 8 yeemitha. B. Myasischev khumbule ngokwakhe waza wacela ukuba athwale imithwalo kwi fuselage of bomber yakhe. 3M moya ngelo xesha sele ukhutshiwe emarikeni, waza yena umyili Myasischev oyintloko kwakhona 1967 OKB. Ngowe-1978 wathabatha isicelo sakhe. Xa Vladimir wafa (October 14, 1978), umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka nomsebenzi V. fedotov.

Ukuze ukuba sakubambezela uphuhliso, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuvavanywa ophethe moya, ezintathu ekhethiweyo yokufunxa. Bathumela ngoko nangoko yokuvavanywa ukuchonga ubuthathaka. Ngenxa yoko, moya wafumana isakhelo esitsha kunye neqela elitsha fuselage. Tailpiece ngokutsha kwaye landiswa yi neemitha 7. Le usiba yaba zikhangeleke-emibini. Iinkqubo eziliqela ezisebenza kunye neendibano sele liphucule okanye indawo. On moya wabeka iinjini ezinamandla ngakumbi vd-7M kunye afterburner ezisusiweyo, ukuwutyhalela ibide 11,000 Kum. I-injini efanayo, kodwa afterburner, ezifakwe "Tu-22" Noko ke, ukuba sele zikhutshiwe.

Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwasungulwa ezintlanu zokuhlola moya carrier, ngasinye apho, ngenxa kwiimpawu ezithile obuluqilima kunye moya, yenzelwe empahleni ubunzima ethile. Le modeli kuthiwa 3M-T. Enye moya amathathu eyakhelwe sakhutshelwa TsAGI iimvavanyo ezingashukumiyo. A ifakwe ngakumbi nenye yokugalela amafutha ezithuthi ngentonga.

Ngowe-1980, lo moya yezothutho 3M-T ke kuqala elinebaxiweyo i esibhakabhakeni. Uvavanyo pilot Kucherenko kuqala uthuthwa iimpahla phezu kwakhe ngoJanuwari 6 kunyaka ozayo. Koko moya igama "Atlas ZM-T." Phezu abathuthi komdyarho kuye zathuthwa impahla ngaphezu kwe-150 e Baikonur. Baya zonke iindawo ezininzi izakhiwo "Energy" yaye "Bhutan". 3M Commercial Aircraft, iifoto apho ngelo xesha elinye nokwazeka ngabo bonke, rhoqo kuboniswe kwimibhiyozo zonke iintlobo moya, kuquka kwi umoya show ngo-1992.

Okokugqibela kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba inqwelomoya "Tu-134A-3M", nto leyo bedidekile ngamanye amaxesha kunye iqhawe ibali lethu ngenxa "3M" index egameni, akukho ngokunxulumene iyingozi. Yonke i "Tu-134" - umkhweli. A moya "Tu-134A-3M" kwaye wenza ke VIP-uguqulelo lwe ukuguqulwa 134SKH yezolimo.

isiphelo

Ngo-2003, i-unyaka wama-50 M-4 moya moya wokuqala, apho waba ngowokuqala abamazibulo usapho ekuhlaseleni Soviet. Okumangalisayo kukuba, moya imodeli 3M nangoku ifumaneka kwi-Air Force units yokulwa. Kufuneka kuphela ndincome italente abathungi abaye ilawulwa kule minyaka enzima post-imfazwe ukwakha msebenzi, ukuba isakhono ngolu hlobo.