Izilwanyana apha emhlabeni. abemi zomhlaba ukuziqhelanisa zabo kokusingqongileyo

Umhlaba wethu wenza oonokrwece emine engundoqo: umoya, kwehayidrosfere, biosphere kunye lithosfere. Bonke bephela ziyajongwa amaqhina oqhagamshelwano njengabameli biospheric umhlaba esingxotyeni - izilwanyana, izityalo, iintsholongwane - awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle ukwakha izinto ezifana namanzi kunye neoksijini.

Kwakunye lithosfere, isiciko lomhlaba kunye nezinye maleko ezinzulu, akakwazi iingxaki azizimelanga zodwa geqe. Nangona ukuba asikwazi ukubona oko ngeliso lenyama, umhlaba nelinabemi ixineneyo kakhulu. Yeyiphi kuphela izidalwa eziphilayo kuwo akahlali! Njengazo naziphi na izinto eziphilayo, kufuneka kwakhona amanzi kunye nomoya.

Zeziphi izilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni? zisichaphazela njani lasungulwa kwaye silungelelanise kule ndawo? Ngale mibuzo neminye sizama ukuphendula kweli nqaku.

Yintoni na umhlaba?

Soil - kodwa kuphela zeentaba, umaleko nzulu kakhulu ziquka lithosfere. Ukujula kwawo kwajikelele 1-1.5 m. koko iqala umaleko eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo apho komhlaba kwemali.

Oko kukuthi, nwebu echumileyo zomhlaba - kuba yindawo yokuhlala kunene iimilo ezahlukeneyo, ubukhulu kunye neendlela izinto ukutya kunye nezityalo. Umhlaba lo indawo yokuhlala izilwanyana utyebile kakhulu kwaye zahlukahlukene.

Le nxalenye noshowo le lithosfere lohlukile. Formation of the umaleko womhlaba kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ikakhulu kwiimeko okukufutshane yokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, iintlobo zomhlaba (ongaphezulu) ezingafaniyo:

1. Podzolic kunye isoyi-podzolic.
2. umhlaba omnyama.
3. Isoyi.
4. Bog.
5. Podzolic-Bog.
6. Malts.
7. Zizandyondyo.
8. Salt nezimbuku.
9. Gray ihlathi-emathafeni.
10. Salt ikhotha.

Le yokuhlela unikwa kuphela kummandla Russia. Kwamanye amazwe, amazwekazi, amazwe kukho ezinye iintlobo kwimihlaba (intlabathi, udongwe, kumathafa Arctic, wamatye, njalo njalo).

Kwakhona, wonke umhlaba ziyahluka kumafa weekhemikhali, ukufuma kunye saturation emoyeni. Ezi zikhombisi azifani kwaye zizakuxhomekeka kwinani leemeko (umzekelo, kuchaphazela izilwanyana emhlabeni, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi).

Njani umhlaba kwaye kubanceda kulo?

Imvelaphi umhlaba kukhokelela ekubeni nezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Yeyona ukuyilwa zezinto eziphilayo yaye yaqalisa kade, ukubunjwa eqhubekayo kunye substrates zomhlaba self-ntsha.

Ngokusekelwe kule ecacileyo, izinto eziphilayo badlala indima ekubunjweni emhlabeni. Yintoni na? Ngokusisiseko, le ndima kuphela ukusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo eziqulethwe emhlabeni, kunye nokusebenzisa yayo iziqalelo kwizimbiwa. Kubalulekile kananjalo ziba nokuphucula nomoya. kuhle kakhulu ngayo ngo-1763 wabhala M. V. Lomonosov. Yaba nguye lowo kuqala wacebisa ingxelo ukuba umhlaba owenzeka ngenxa ukufa eziphilileyo.

Ukongeza kwimisebenzi eyenziwa izilwanyana kunye nezityalo emhlabeni phezu kwamanzi, kukho into ebaluleke kakhulu kwinto yokuba kusekwe ongaphezulu liliwa. Ivela iintlobo zazo ziya kuxhomekeka ngokubanzi kuhlobo lomhlaba.

Kwakhona badlala indima kunye nezinto abiotic :

• ekukhanyeni;
• ukufuma;
• lobushushu.

Ngenxa yoko, namawa zilungiswa phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko abiotic kunye amagciwane aphilayo kumhlaba cazulula izilwanyana kunye nezityalo lihlala, iguqulela izinto eziphilayo kwi wokumbiwa. Oku kukhokelela umaleko ezithile uhlobo lomhlaba ochumileyo. Kulo mzekelo, izilwanyana ezihlala phantsi komhlaba (umzekelo, iintshulube, nematodes, abamenzelayo) nikela nomoya, oko kukuthi, oxygen kufumaneka bantu. Oku kufezwa bezikhulule kunye nokusebenza okuqhubekayo kweengqakumbana zomhlaba.

Izilwanyana kwakunye nezityalo kunye ukunika mbandela ephilayo emhlabeni. Cya, lenyama, kwaye kwiseli izinto algae umngundo luyasetyenzwa iguqulelwa ngohlobo ezinqwenelekayo izinto kwezimbiwa. Ziimpethu, nematodes kunye nezinye izilwanyana kwakhona idlule amasuntswana zomhlaba, ngaloo ndlela ukuzazi isichumiso organic - semisundululu.

Isigqibo sesokuba imihlaba akhiwa ematyeni ngenxa yokuba ixesha elide imbali ngexesha phantsi kwempembelelo imiba abiotic kunye noncedo olunikiweyo ku izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezihlala kuzo.

Lomhlaba kwihlabathi elingabonakaliyo

A indima enkulu hayi kuphela ukuyilwa lomhlaba, kodwa ubomi zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo badlala izilwanyana zibe ihlabathi liphela engabonakaliyo zomhlaba. Ngubani iquka?

Okokuqala, lona lisiza ezineseli enye-, nezinye izinto. Awafanele ukuba Amasebe Chytridiomycetes, Deuteromycetes kunye nabanye abameli Zygomycetes. Ingca yolwandle kufuneka kuqatshelwe fitoedafonov emele ulwelwe eluhlaza kunye nezuba-eluhlaza. Ubunzima zizonke ezi zidalwa nge-1 ngehektare umhlaba imalunga 3100 kg.

Okwesibini, zininzi izinto ezincinci, iintsholongwane kwaye ezi zilwanyana emhlabeni, njengokuba elula. Ubunzima bubonke lweenkqubo abaphila 1 iihektare umhlaba malunga 3100 kg. Indima ephambili eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli kuyehla ukuya processing kunye nokucazululwa iintsalela kweziphilayo imvelaphi izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezi zinto ziphilayo ziquka:

• rotifers;
• layibona;
• amoeba;
• centipedes symphyla;
• ProTour;
• springtails;
• diplura;
• ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza;
• ulwelwe green kwiseli enye.

Zeziphi izilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni?

Ukuze abemi ezingenamqolo zomhlaba zezi zilandelayo:

1. kwezilwanyana (Crustacea) - malunga ne-40 kg / ha
2. Izinambuzane kwindawo yazo - 1000 kg / ha
3. Nematodes kunye ziintshulube - 550 kg / ha
4. Iinkumba kunye imigca - 40 kg / ha

izilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni, abaluleke kakhulu. ixabiso lazo kuxhomekeke kubuchule ukuba sidlule amaqhuma zomhlaba kuwanelisa kuzo kunye nezinto eziphilayo, bakha semisundululu. Indima yabo bezikhulule umhlaba, ukuphucula Ukwanda ioksijini kunye nokudala imigodi leyo ezele ngumoya namanzi, ukuze ngokwenjenjalo kuphuculwe umgangatho kunye ukuchuma umaleko womhlaba eliphezulu.

Khawuve oko izilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni. Zingakotshwa zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini:

• kwekhaya;
• abahlala okwethutyana.

Kuba ngabemi abasisigxina ezincancisayo ezinomqolo, emele ihlabathi eziphilileyo zomhlaba, amabuzi nolovane, voles nolovane, zokor kunye abamenzelayo amatakane. ukubaluleka kwabo kukugcina liphela, kuba ifumile izinambuzane zomhlaba, iinkumba, squid, imigca, njalo-njalo. Ke intsingiselo yesibini - olitshivela izicatshulwa elide kwemicimbi, evumela umhlaba desensitised waceba mpilo.

nabemi bokwexeshana, omele izilwanyana zomhlaba, esebenzisa kuphela ngenxa yokusabela emfutshane, njengoko umthetho, njengoko indawo yokubeka kwindawo yazo kunye nokugcinwa. Ezi zilwanyana ziquka:

• nempuku;
• nomatse;
• zamahlengezi;
• zabonwa;
• namaphela;
• nezinye namabuzi.

Utshintsho apha naphaya abemi zomhlaba

Ukuze ukuhlala kwindawo nzima enjalo, umhlaba, izilwanyana kufuneka eziliqela zolo ezizodwa. Emva zonke iimpawu bomzimba medium shinyi, elinzima malokislorodnaya. Ngaphezu koko, akukho ngokupheleleyo kungekho kukhanya, nangona kukho ngomlinganiselo amanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kufuneka ukuba bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezinjalo.

Ngoko ke, izilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni ekuhambeni kwexesha (xa ekuhambeni iinkqubo yendaleko) bazuze iimpawu zilandelayo:

• ubukhulu entle kakhulu ukuba bazalise izithuba ezincinane phakathi kweengqakumbana khona kwaye uzive ukhululekile (iintsholongwane, lenyama, iintsholongwane, rotifers, ezineqokobhe) umhlaba;
• umzimba bhetyebhetye musculature onamandla kunene - Iinzuzo intshukumo emhlabeni (kwaye abamnkela iimpethu ngeenxa);
• ikhono lokunciphisa zomongomoya onyibilikisiweyo emanzini okanye ukuphefumla wonke umphezulu umzimba (iintsholongwane, nematodes);
• umjikelo wobomi equka iqonga mibungu, apho ufuna nakukhanya okanye ukunyakama, akukho unokuyigunyazela (Imibungu zizinambuzane, amabhungane ezahlukeneyo);
• izilwanyana ezinkulu babe tshintsho ngohlobo ezinamandla emgodini imilenze neenzipho strong kwenza kube lula ukuba atyhudise imigudu elide kwemicimbi komhlaba (abamenzelayo shrews, iimbila njalo njalo);
• e ezanyisayo iqulunqwa kakuhle ingqondo ivumba kodwa mbono phantse ndingekho (abamenzelayo zokor, amabuzi, spepushonki);
• ukumila streamlined, kwintsunguzi, zixinaniswe, kunye tight-efanelekileyo mfutshane uboya ngqwabalala.

Zonke ezi zixhobo ukudala iimeko kakuhle ukwenzela ukuba izilwanyana emhlabeni uzive akukho okubi ngaphezu kwabo ezihlala kwindawo emhlabeni-moya, mhlawumbi nokuba ngcono.

Indima amaqela kokusingqongileyo abemi umhlaba kwindalo

Amaqela eziphambili kokusingqongileyo abemi zomhlaba ingqalelo ukuba ube:

1. Geobionty. Abameli beli qela - zizilwanyana apho umhlaba indawo yokuhlala esisigxina. Lenza bonke lomjikelo wobomi babo kunye neenkqubo ezingundoqo ebalulekileyo. Imizekelo: yimisundululu, mnogohvostki, tailless, diplura, protura.
2. Geophiles. Eli qela libandakanya izilwanyana apho zeendawana umhlaba iyabophelela ngexesha elinye izigaba umjikelo wobomi balo. Umzekelo: i pupae kwezinambuzane, iinkumbi, amabhungane ezininzi, weevils ziingcongconi.
3. Geox. Iqela Environmental izilwanyana apho umhlaba - ikhusi okwethutyana, indawo yokusabela, indawo ngokubekwa zizalele nakuzo. Imizekelo: beetle abaninzi, izinambuzane, zonke izilwanyana emgodini.

Ukuqokelelwa zonke izilwanyana kwiqela ngalinye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwempahla lulonke. Ukongeza, ukukwazi kwabo ukuhlala kugqiba umgangatho womhlaba, samoobnovlyaemost yabo nokuchuma. Ngoko ke, indima ebalulekileyo kakhulu, ingakumbi namhlanje, apho ezolimo ebangela umhlaba wanzonza, leached kwaye yityuwa phantsi kweempembelelo izichumisi chemical, iyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi kunye imichiza. Izilwanyana zomhlaba negalelo ngakumbi ngokutsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye zendalo maleko ochumileyo emva kokuhlaselwa kakhulu ngoomatshini nemichiza ngakwicala yomntu.

Unxibelelwano kwezityalo, izilwanyana kunye nomhlaba

Hayi kuphela izilwanyana yomhlaba amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ukwakha biocenosis eqhelekileyo ngamakhamandela zabo unikezelo yayigcinwa eziphilayo. Enyanisweni, zonke izityalo ezikhoyo, izilwanyana kunye namancikane eziphilayo inxaxheba kwisangqa efanayo ebomini. Kunjalo, njengoko inxulumene kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala. Nanku umzekelo olula ukubonisa olu lwalamano.

grass kunye namasimi abo ukutya nezilwanyana. Abo, ke, bakhonza njengomthombo ukutya ezidla. Uhlala kwezinto ingca organic ukuba kwesiya iimveliso inkunkuma yazo zonke izilwanyana, emhlabeni. Apha, ngokuba unobangela ezincinane eyamkelekileyo nezinambuzane, leyo ke detritus. Bonke yokutyiwa wabola baza basenza izimbiwa, ifanele ukufunxeka zizityalo. Ngenxa yoko, izityalo zifumana amacandelo zabo kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukukhula kunye nophuhliso.

Kwimihlaba ezininzi kule micro-izinto kunye nezinambuzane, rotifers, amabhungane, kwindawo, ntshulube njalo ukutya kuba omnye komnye, yaye ngenxa yoko ke inxalenye jikelele yonke network unikezelo.

Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba izilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni, kunye nezityalo eziphila phezu komhlaba, kufuneka kwincopho eqhelekileyo yonqumlo, kwaye banxibelelane nabanye ukwenza ukuvumelana jikelele abangatshatanga kunye namandla endalo.

Imihlaba Poor kunye nabemi bazo

Ebizwa ngokuba umhlaba amahlwempu; ngokuphindaphindiweyo awabhencwa umntu. Construction, izilimo, yokuhambisa amanzi, umhlaba wokusindisa - konke oku ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ukudinwa zomhlaba. Yintoni abemi bakwazi ukukhula kwiimeko ezinjalo? Ngelishwa, abaninzi. Abemi abaninzi ihleli komhlaba kukho iintsholongwane, ezinye protozoans, izinambuzane kunye kwindawo yazo. Ezanyisayo, worms, nematodes, iinkumbi, izigcawu, intlanzi kwezi kwimihlaba azinako ukuphila, ngoko ke ukufa okanye ukuhamba.

Kwakhona jonga kumhlaba ihlwempu, apho umxholo elisezantsi kwezinto eziphilayo nezimbiwa. Umzekelo, ehlala. Le imeko eyodwa apho izinto ezithile bahlala izixhobo zabo. Okanye, umzekelo, nayo kwimihlaba ngamandla iacid saline ziqulathe abemi kuphela ezithile.

Uphononongo ezilwanyana zomhlaba esikolweni

School ke Zoology lingaphumeleli ukunika isifundo yezilwanyana zomhlaba kwisifundo eyahlukileyo. Amaninzi, nto nje isishwankathelo, kumxholo ngomxholo.

Nangona kunjalo, kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi kukho into "ihlabathi ngaphandle". Izilwanyana emhlabeni zezifundo kwinkqubo-sikhokelo yalo mbandela ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu. Le nkcukacha inikwa ngokungqinelana kweminyaka abantwana. Kids bethetha iyantlukwano, indima kwindalo kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu, wadlala zizilwanyana emhlabeni. 3 Uqeqesho yeklasi - ofanele kakhulu kwesi sigaba. Abantwana bafundiswe ngokwaneleyo ukuba ufunde isigama ethile, baze ngaloo ndlela babe ukunxanelwa ngakumbi ulwazi, ukuba ukwazi ezisingqongileyo, isifundo endalo kunye nabemi bayo.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukwenza izifundo umdla, engekho semgangathweni, kwakunye ulwazi, yaye baya kwandula ke abantwana ekufakeni ulwazi ngathi imfunxa, kuquka malunga abemi bume lomhlaba le.

Imizekelo nezilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo komhlaba i

Ezinokubangela kuluhlu elifutshane, nto leyo ebonakalisa abemi main umhlaba. Kakade ke, ukuze ube ngokupheleleyo ayaphela, ngokuba baninzi kangaka! Noko ke, abameli eziphambili ukuzama ukubiza.

Animals lomhlaba - uluhlu lwe:

• rotifers, amangolwane, iintsholongwane, lenyama, ezineqokobhe;
• izigcawu, iintethe, izinambuzane, amabhungane, amasongololo, woodlice, imigca, iinkumba;
• yimisundululu, nematodes kunye nezinye ziintshulube;
• abamenzelayo amabuzi, voles nolovane, zokor;
• nempuku, gophers, iimbila, iimpuku, chipmunks.