Charter - yomthetho

Ngokutsho uMthetho Dictionary, lo Charter - uxwebhu okanye uthotho amaxwebhu asemthethweni, ezithi zibonise iimfuno namalungelo Ingxenye lwentlalo. Iikopi lokuqala kula maphepha Wabonakala kuMbindi Ages.

Njani kuMagna Carta?

Kumakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba bezithanga American baqalisa ukuya kulwa isithsaba lwamaNgesi, izikhulu IsiNgesi wenza inani lemithetho ukwenzela ukunciphisa amandla imonki koFaro - uKumkani Dzhona Bezzemelnogo. Magna Carta, okanye Great Charter, esatyikitywa ngowe-1215, ekuqaleni ngaphandle kokuba amalungelo le-Elite. Kamva rhoqo kwako imithetho ezininzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, nto leyo iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko engundoqo apho. Magna Carta, oko ngokwembali olungqiniweyo ukuba aphelise le yeetawuli kurhulumente, apho umhla lokusayina kokuba uwisa izibophelelo ezithile phantsi komthetho.

UKumkani uJohn nolwalamano nzima noPopu Innocent III, ngubani lo ungumzekeliso ozise enokuphikiswa yaye wayefuna ukuba iwonga kakhulu phakathi yasebukhosini zaseYurophu. Emva ukuqeshwa Stefana Lengtona kwisikhundla Archbishop waseCanterbury ngo-1207, Korol Dzhon Lackland waba Yibone wokuqala wasikwa ecaweni ecaweni. Ukuphendula, irhuluneli ukuba arhafise irhafu ukuba abefundisi kunye namazwe ibandla ekhethiweyo. Nkqu kancane umlawuli phakathi zizigwili, yena phantsi ngokuhlahliswa kakhulu ngakumbi ukuvala ukoyiswa yayo emkhosini. Ngowe-1214, Korol Dzhon wazama ukoyisa eFransi, yaye emva komzamo ongaphumelelanga ukuya wayalela zithandwa IsiNgesi ukuhlawula iindleko imfazwe, nto leyo ebangela uqhushululu ngo-1215.

isihloko baronial

Ukuze aphelise le ukuzinkcinkca bokumkani, Langton zizigwili nemvukelo iqela co-wadalwa "amanqaku baronial", apho kamva waba Magna Carta. Besoyika ukuba imvukelo iya kukhula ibe imfazwe yamakhaya, uYohane wanyanzeleka ukuba avume ukuba wenza Juni 15, 1215, ukwenza ukuba Magna Carta ka-siseko yokuqala ebhaliweyo yaseYurophu. Noko ke, emva kweeveki ezimbalwa emva koko, uPopu Innocent III, nto leyo esele kusekwa ubudlelwane kunye noYohane, ongatshitshiswayo Magna. Le nzondo ngokutsha phakathi ukumkani zizigwili, kodwa nokuvumeleka ngokusemthethweni siseko wokuqala uqalwe emva kokufa kakumkani.

Yeyona Magna Carta kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ephefumlelwe bezithanga American lixela uzimele geqe eBritani, kwaye isinye kwisithathu kwemithetho le Bill of Rights lathatyathwa Charter. Kukho 4 kuphela ikopi yokuqala kuMagna Carta, nto leyo e Salisbury Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral kunye kwiMyuziyam yaseBritani.

Lo Mqulu European

Olu luluhlu zezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, ezithe zamkelwa liBhunga of Europe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu amalungelo zentlalo kunye nenkululeko, kwaye ulwandiso ubhalo yaye abe ngumphelelisi ukuya Convention on Human Rights.

I-European Charter esatyikitywa ngowe-1961, nangona amandla, kwathi kwiminyaka nje emine kamva, ngo-1965. kangangamashumi eminyaka kamva, kokuqulathwe kuxwebhu wenza inani ezongeziweyo kunye notshintsho.

Imithetho ebekwe kwi-European Charter, oko kuyimfuneko ukusuka kwindawo esemthethweni lwembono, kufuneka luphunyezwe-nkqubo ekuhlaleni yonke signatory states. La mazwe kufuneka ukuqinisekisa abemi bayo kunye nabantu abaphantsi kolawulo kwamalungelo ahambelanayo kunye nenkululeko.

Noko ke, States aye asayina-European Charter, akulindelekanga ukuba abafundi esweni ukuphunyezwa onke amalungiselelo zala maxwebhu. Baya unokukhetha ukufumanisa amalungelo nenkululeko abemi balo ngokungqinelana nomthetho wayo. La mazwe kakhulu bayavumelana amanqaku 6 9 wadala, nabo banelungelo lokwala ukwenza lezo zinto, ukuphunyezwa nto leyo enganakho ukwenzeka kubo.

I-Olimpiki Charter

Olu xwebhu oluphambili olawula ngemisebenzi yeKomiti Olimpiki. Ngenkulungwane XIX, ubudlelwane interstate kwinkalo zemidlalo baye baqala ukuphuhlisa ngenkuthalo. Iikomiti ezahlukeneyo onoxanduva iindidi ezahlukeneyo iziganeko ziye zadalwa. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kwagqitywa ekubeni bahlanganise ikomiti eyayiza ukulawula namaZwe entsimini ezemidlalo, waza yena, naye, bagqiba ukwenza Charter Olimpiki. Yaba zaguquka kuba ihlabathi lonke.

Olu xwebhu ulawula yonke into yokwenza kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo wentsebenziswano ezemidlalo phakathi kwamazwe. Apha achaza imigaqo kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki, kuquka imiba zombutho, ukuthatha inxaxheba, isakhiwo kunye nenkqubo nokudalwa iinkqubo. Uxwebhu kwakhona ubeka imithetho elawula imisebenzi ulamlo, kwaye kakhulu ngakumbi.

ngenxa

Imbali uyazi ezininzi nemimiselo, leyo indlela kuchaphazela imeko yabantu. Charter, ezichazwe ngasentla, kwaye yeyona ibalulekileyo kwezi maxwebhu, kwaye umbulelo kubo, ingakumbi Magna Carta, bonke abantu bakhululekile namhlanje.