Izicubu ezinomdla: isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi. Iimpawu zamathambo omzimba. Iintlobo zeethambo zomzimba

Sisoloko sinoyika, sihlala sicoca ulwazi olungenayo, sisabela kwilizwe langaphandle kwaye sizama ukuphulaphula umzimba wethu, kwaye kuzo zonke iiseli ezimangalisayo zisinceda. Ziyimiphumo yenkqubela phambili, umphumo womsebenzi wendalo kwimeko yonxibelelwano yezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Asikwazi ukuthetha ukuba inkqubo yethu yokuqonda, ukuhlaziywa kunye nokuphendula kuyinto efanelekileyo. Kodwa sikude kakhulu nezilwanyana. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo enzima ngayo, kubaluleke kakhulu kuphela kwiingcali - i-biologists kunye noogqirha. Kwaye lo mntu unomdla kumsebenzi womnye umntu.

Ulwazi olu nqaku lufumaneka kuwo wonke umntu kwaye aluzuzekanga kuphela nje ngolwazi, kuba ukuqonda umzimba wakho kuyisitshixo ukuze uziqonde.

Yintoni ejongene nayo?

Iimpawu zesifo somntu zihluke kwiindidi ezahlukileyo kunye nezisebenzayo zeeurons kunye neenkcukacha zokusebenzisana kwazo. Emva koko, ingqondo yethu yinkqubo enzima kakhulu. Kwaye ukulawula ukuziphatha kwethu, iimvakalelo kunye nokucinga, sidinga inethiwekhi enzima kakhulu.

Iimpawu ezinamahloni, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yazo echongwe ngumbutho we-neurons - iiseli kunye neenkqubo - kwaye unqume umsebenzi oqhelekileyo obalulekileyo wendalo, okokuqala, uqinisekisa umsebenzi odibeneyo wezo zonke iinkqubo zesigqeba. Okwesibini, idibanisa umzimba kunye nendawo yangaphandle kwaye inika iimpendulo ezithintekayo kwiinguqu zayo. Okwesithathu, lilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemetabolism phantsi kweemeko zokutshintsha. Zonke iintlobo zamathambo ezinomdla zizinto eziphathekayo ze-psyche: iinkqubo zokubonisa - intetho nokucinga, iimpawu zokuziphatha kuluntu. Ezinye izazinzulu ziye zatshengisa ukuba umntu uye wahlakulela ingqondo yakhe, apho kwakufuneka 'anikele' izilwanyana ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, asinaso amehlo abukhali kunye nokuva, ziphi izilwanyana ezinokuziqhayisa ngazo.

Izicubu ezinomdla, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yazo esekelwe ekuhanjisweni kombane kunye neekhemikhali, ineziphumo ezicacileyo zendawo. Ngokungafani ne-humoral, le nkqubo isebenza ngokukhawuleza.

Uninzi lwezinto ezincinci

Iiseli zamathambo anesantya - i-neurons - ziyunithi ezisemgangathweni zenkqubo ye-nervous. Iseli ye-neuron ibonakaliswe kwisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokongezwa komsebenzi ophezulu. Isakhiwo se-neuron sinomzimba we-eukaryotic (soma), ububanzi bawo buyi-3-100 microns kunye namahlumela. I-neuron soma iqukethe i-nucleus kunye ne-nucleolus ene-biosynthesis zixhobo ezenza i-enzyme kunye nezinto ezivela kwimisebenzi ekhethekileyo ye-neurons. Le yimijelo e-Nissl edibeneyo emzimbeni ecwangcisiweyo ehamba ngokugqithisileyo, kunye ne-Golgi devices.

Imisebenzi yeselingo yesigulane ingaqhutyelwa ngokuqhubekayo, ngenxa yobuninzi emzimbeni "kwizikhululo zamandla" ezivelisa i-ATP, i-chondrasome. I-cytoskeleton, emele i-neurofilaments kunye ne-microtubules, inendima exhasa. Kwinkqubo yokulahlekelwa kwezakhiwo zeembrane, i-lipofuscin ye-pigment ihlanganiswa, isixa sayo sikhula kunye nexesha le-neuron. Kwi-stem neurons, i-melatonin ye-pigment yenziwe. I-nucleolus iqukethe iprotheni kunye ne-RNA, inucleus ye-DNA. I-Ontogenesis ye-nucleolus kunye ne-basophil ichonga iimpendulo zokuziphatha eziphambili zabantu, kuba zixhomekeke kumsebenzi kunye nokuphindaphinda koonxibelelwano. Iimpawu zamathambo zibhekiselele kwiyunithi yesakhiwo esisemgangathweni - i-neuron, nangona kukho nezinye iintlobo zezicubu ezincedisayo.

Iimpawu zesakhiwo seeseli zesisindo

I-nucleus ye-membrane nucleus ye-neurons ine-pores apho i-waste item engena kwaye ishiye. Ngenxa yezinto eziphathekayo zofuzo, kuvela ukwahlukana, okubangela ukuba ulungelelaniso kunye nobukhulu bentsebenziswano. Omnye umsebenzi we-nucleus ukulawula iprotheni synthesis. Iisensi ze-nerve ezivuthayo azikwazi ukwabelana nge-mitosis, kwaye iimveliso eziqingqiweyo ezenziwe ngokwemizimba ye-synthesis ye-neuron nganye kufuneka ziqinisekise ukusebenza kunye ne-homeostasis kuwo wonke umjikelezo wobomi. Ukutshintshwa kweendawo ezinobungozi kwaye ezilahlekileyo zingenziwa kuphela kwi-intracellularly. Kodwa kukho ukungafani. Kwi-epithelium ye-analyzer ecacileyo, ezinye izigulane zezilwanyana zikwazi ukwahlula.

Iiseli zamagulane zibonwa ngokugqithiseleyo ngobukhulu beentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemilo. I-Neurons ineenkcazo ezingenangqiqo ngenxa yeenkqubo, zihlala zibaninzi kwaye zininzi. Laba baqhubi beempawu zombane, apho i-arcs i-reflex idibeneyo. Iimpawu ezinomdla, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yayo kuxhomekeke kwiiseli ezihluke kakhulu, inendima ekuboneni ulwazi lwenkohlakalo, ukuyikhokhisa ngeminqweno yamandla kunye nokudluliselwa kwezinye iiseli ezihlukeneyo, unako ukunika impendulo. Kuphantse kwangoko. Kodwa ezinye izinto, kuquka utywala, zinciphisa kakhulu.

Malunga neexons

Zonke iindidi zomsebenzi wesiphako ngokubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwezihluma-dendrites kunye ne-axons. I-Axon iguqulelwe ukusuka kwisiGrike njenge "axis". Le yinkqubo ephakanyisiweyo eyenza ukuzoliswa kumzimba kwiinkqubo zezinye i-neurons. Iingcebiso ze-axon zixhaswe kakhulu, ngalinye likwazi ukusebenzisana ne-5000 neurons kunye nokwenza u-10 000 oxhumana nabo.

I-locus ye-catfish, apho amasebe ase-axon, abizwa ngokuba yi-axon. Idibanisa ne-axon ephakathi kwayo ayikho i-reticulum ye-endoplasmic, i-RNA kunye ne-enzymatic complex.

Kancinci malunga nama-dendrites

Igama leeseli lithetha "umthi". Njengamasebe, ukusuka kwi-soma zikhula zifutshane kwaye zenze iinkqubo ezinamandla. Bafumana iimpawu kwaye bakhonze njenge-loci apho i-synapses ivela khona. Ama-Dendrites ngoncedo lweenkqubo zentsebenzo - iintsiba - zandisa ummandla kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, oonxibelelwano. Ama-Dendrites ngaphandle kweengqinamba, ii-axons zizungezwe i-myelin sheaths. U-Myelin unesimo esiqinileyo, kwaye isiphumo saso sifana nesakhiwo esiqhoqhayo seplastiki okanye iingubo zerabha yombane zombane. Iphuzu lokukhushulwa kwesizukulwana - i-axon hillock - ivela kwindawo yokuhamba kwe-axon kwi-soma kwindawo yecala.

Umcimbi omhlophe weendlela ezikhuphukayo zehlayo entanjeni yomgogodla kwaye ubuchopho bubumba ama-axon apho kuqhutyelwa iimpembelelo zentsholongwane, ukuqhuba umsebenzi oqhubayo-ukuhanjiswa kwentsholongwane yesibindi. Izibonakaliso zombane zithunyelwa kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobuchopho kunye nomgudu womgudu, okwenza uxhumano phakathi kwabo. Ngethuba elifanayo, izitho ezilawulayo zinokuxhunyezwa kwiimceivers. Imba ebomvu yenza i-cortex yengqondo. Amaziko eengqondo zokuzalwa (ukukrazula, ukukhwehlela) kunye namaziko ezityalo ezixhamlayo zeesisu, ukucoca, ukuchasana kufumaneka emgodini womgogodla. Ukufakela i-neurons, imizimba kunye ne-motor dendrites benza umsebenzi we-reflex, ukuqhuba iimoto.

Iimpawu zeethambo zesisindo zichongwe ngenani leenkqubo. I-Neurons yi-unipolar, i-pseudo-unipolar, i-bipolar. Iimpawu zesifo somntu aziqukethe i-unipolar kunye nenkqubo enye ye-neurons. Kwimimandla emininzi-ininzi yezigodo ze-dendritic. Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo akuchaphazeli isantya somqondiso.

Iindili ezahlukeneyo - imisebenzi eyahlukileyo

Imisebenzi yeseli yesigxina iyenziwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo e-neurons. Ngokwakheka kwi-arc ye-reflex, i-neurons echaphazelekayo okanye enomdla eyenza iziphumo ezisuka kwizitho kunye nesikhumba ukuya kwengqondo ziyahluke.

Ukufakela i-neurons, okanye idibanisa, liqela lokutshintshela okanye i-neurons ezibophelelayo ezihlalutyo kwaye zenze isigqibo, zenze imisebenzi yeselingo senzwa.

I-neurons esebenzayo, okanye i-sensory, ithwala ulwazi malunga nokuziva - iimpembelelo zesikhumba kunye nezitho zangaphakathi kwingqondo.

I-neurons esebenzayo, i-effector, okanye imoto, ukuqhuba iimpembelelo - "imiyalelo" esuka kwingqondo kunye nomgudu womgudu kumalungu onke asebenzayo.

Iimpawu zesikhumba se-neural zenza i-neurons yenza umsebenzi obunzima kunye nezobucwebe emzimbeni, ngoko-ke umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla-ukubonelela ukutya, ukususa iimveliso zokubola, umsebenzi okhuselayo unikezelwa kwiiseli ezincedisayo ze-neuroglia okanye iiselingi ezisisiseko zeSwitwan.

Inkqubo yokwenziwa kweeseli zesisindo

Kwiiseli ze-neural tube kunye ne-ganglionic plate, kukho ukuhlula okucacisa iimpawu zeethambo ezinomdla kwindlela ezimbini: ezinkulu ziba neuroblasts neurocytes. Amaseli amancinci (spongioblast) ayenyuka kwaye abe yi-gliocytes. Izicubu ezinomdla, iintlobo zeetyhubhu ezakhiwa nge-neurons, ziqulethwe zizinto ezisisiseko kunye nabancedisi. Iiseli ezincedisayo ("i-gliocytes") zinomsebenzi okhethekileyo kunye nemisebenzi. Inkqubo ye- nervous central imelwa ngala maqela alandelayo: i-ependymocytes, i-astrocytes, i-oligodendrocytes; I-peripheral - glycocyte ganglia, i-gliocytes yokuphela kunye neurolemocytes - iiSunwan cells. I-Ependymocytes ifakwe emacaleni emigodlo yengqondo kunye nomgudu womgogodla kunye ne-cerebrospinal fluid. Iintlobo zeethambo zesisindo - i-astrocytes ezinjengeenkwenkwezi zenza izicubu zemiba emhlophe nemhlophe. Iipropati zesifo se-nervous-astrocytes kunye ne-gliosis membrane zinegalelo ekudalweni kwe-blood-brain-barrier: phakathi kwezicubu ezinxibelelwano kunye neentsholongwane, ukuhamba kwemida kunye nokusebenza.

Ukuguquka kweethambo

Ipropati ephambili yendalo ephilileyo iyakucasula okanye ivelise. Uhlobo lweethambo ezinomdla lusekwe kwindawo ye-phylogenetic yesilwanyana kwaye ihluke ngokuhluka kwayo, kuba nzima ngakumbi kwinkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Zonke izidalwa zifuna iiparitha ezithile zokulungelelaniswa kwangaphakathi kunye nommiselo, ukusebenzisana okufanelekileyo phakathi kokuvuselela i-homeostasis kunye nomzimba wenyama. Iinyama ezinamahloni ezilwanyana, ngokukodwa iindidi ezininzi, ezakhiwe kunye nemisebenzi yazo zenza i-aromorphosis, ikhuthaza ukuhlala kumzabalazo wobomi. Ama-hydroids asekuqaleni amelwa ngama-stellate, amangqamuzana omzimba osasazekayo kuwo wonke umzimba kwaye axhunyiwe yinkqubo engaphantsi. Olu hlobo lweethambo zomzimba lubizwa ngokuba yi-diffuse.

Inkqubo yeentlanzi zesibhakabhaka esisigxina kunye nesigxina, uhlobo lwesitepthi (i-orthogon) luqulethwe ngumbindi wengqondo ye-ganglia - ukuhlanganiswa kweeseli zesigulane kunye neentonga ezide ezithathayo, ezidibeneyo kunye nezicatshulwa ezijikelezayo. Kwiimali ezivela kwi-gangkolo ye-okolothriangular exhunywe ngemida, i-neral ventral chain iyahlukana, kwicandelo ngalinye apho kukho ezimbini iindawo ezincinci ezixubileyo ezixhunyaniswe yimibindi ye-nerve. Kwezinye iiseli ezinobungozi, i-nerve ganglia igxininiswe ngokubunjwa kwengqondo. Izilwanyana kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwendawo kwiindawo ezixubileyo zichongiwe nge-cephalization yeengqungquthela zobuchopho, i-ring ye-nerp ne-neural neural chain.

Kwizinto ezikhethiweyo, izicubu zeentlanzi, iintlobo zezicubu ezinokuthi zithinteka kakhulu, ziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isakhiwo esinjalo sichanekile. Kuyavela iziqendu ezahlukeneyo kwaye zikhona kwicala elixhamlayo lomzimba ngendlela ye-tube ye-neural, umthamo uyisifo se-neurocele. Iintsholongwane zihluke phakathi kwengqondo kunye nentambo yomthambo. Xa ubuchopho bubunjelwa ekupheleni kwiphubhu, ifomu lokukhupha. Ukuba inkqubo yeentlanzi idlala indima ebophelelayo kwiinkqubo eziphantsi ezisezantsi, iinkcukacha ezigcinwe ngokulondolozwa kwezilwanyana, zikhuphe xa ziyimfuneko, kwaye zinikezela ngokucwangciswa nokuhlanganiswa.

Kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo, le ntshukumo ye-cerebral iphakama kwiindawo eziphambili zobomi. Kwaye zonke ezinye iibhubhu zenza umthambo womthambo. Iimpawu ezinamahloni, isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi walo ophezulu kwizilwanyana ezifuywayo, zenze utshintsho olukhulu. Olu luphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-cortex ye-cerebral kunye nazo zonke iinxalenye zesimiso se-nervous esibangela ukuba ulungelelaniso olunzima kwiimeko zendalo, kunye nokulawulwa kwe-homeostasis.

Iziko kunye nomda

Amasebe enkqubo ye-nervous ahlelwe ngokwemiqathango yokusebenza kunye ne-anatomiki. Isakhiwo esino-anatomical sifana ne-toponymy, apho inkqubo ye-nervous central ne-peripheral iphela. Inkqubo yesiseko yomnatha iquka ubuchopho kunye nentambo yomgudu, kwaye inkqubo ye-nervous system iyamelwa ngamagulane, amanqaku kunye nexesha elide. Amagulane amelwa ngamacandelo ezinkqubo ezingaphandle kwenkqubo ye-nervous central, ehlanganiswe ngophawu olufanayo lwe-myelin, kunye nempawu zombane. I-dendrites ye-neurons ezibucayi ifom yeentsholongwane ezibuhlungu, ii-axon zihamba ngeemoto.

Ubuninzi beenkqubo ezide kunye ezimfutshane zenza iindiza ezixubekileyo. Ukuqokelela kunye nokugxila, imizimba ye-neurons yakha ama-node ahamba ngaphaya kwenkqubo ye-nervous central. Iziphelo zomlomo zihlukaniswe zibe yi-receptor kunye ne-effector. Ama-Dendrites ngokusebenzisa amagatsha okugcina aguqula ukucaphukisa emagqabini kagesi. Ukuphela kokuphela kwee-axon - kwizitho zokusebenza, iintambo ze-muscle, izigulane. Ukwahlula ngokusebenza kubonisa ukuba ukwahlukana kwenkqubo ye-nervous ku-somatic nokuzimela.

Silawula into ethile, kodwa into engekho ngaphaya kwethu

Iipropati zezicubu zeentlanzi zichazela ukuba inkqubo ye -nervous nervous ixhomekeke ekuthandweni komntu, ingabikho emsebenzini wokuxhasa inkqubo. Amaziko emoto atholakala kwi-cortex ye-cerebral. I-Autonomous, ebizwa ngokuba yi-vegetative, ayixhomekeke kwintando yomntu. Ngokusekelwe kwizicelo zabo, akunakwenzeka ukukhawuleza okanye ukukhawuleza kwenhliziyo okanye intlungu yomzimba. Ekubeni indawo yokuzimela i-hypothalamus, inkqubo ye-nervous autonomic ilawula umsebenzi weentliziyo kunye neenqwelo, izixhobo ze-endocrine kunye nezitho zamathambo.

Iimpawu zesisu, umfanekiso onokubonwa ngasentla, uvelisa inceba kunye neepasympathetic kwiinkqubo zeentlanzi zityalo, ezivumela ukuba zenze njengabachasi, zinikezela ngempumelelo. Ukuzixhamla kwiqumrhu elinye kubangela iinkqubo zokuthintela kwenye. Ngokomzekelo, i-neurons enovelwano ibangela ukunciphisa okuqinileyo nokunqamlekileyo kwamagumbi entliziyo, ukunciphisa imithana yegazi, ukunyuka kweengcinezelo zentsholongwane, kuba i-norepinephrin ifihliwe. I-parasympathetic, ukukhulula i-acetylcholine, inomdla wokunciphisa izitho zentliziyo, ukwandisa i-lumen yemithambo kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo. Ukulinganisa la maqela abalamli baqhelanise intsingiselo yentliziyo.

Inkqubo yesantya evelwano yenzani ngexesha loxinzelelo olunzulu ngexesha loyiko okanye uxinzelelo. Izibonakaliso zenzeka kwindawo ye-thoracic and verbrae. Inkqubo yeParasympathetic ifakiwe xa kuphumla nokutya ukutya, ngexesha lokulala. Imizimba ye-neurons isesitini kunye ne-sacrum.

Emva kokuba ufunde ngokubanzi iinkcukacha zeeseli zePurkinje, ezinefom efana neenqwelo ezininzi ze-branching dendrites, umntu unokubona indlela impembelelo idluliselwa ngayo kwaye ivule indlela yokulandelelana kwezigaba zenkqubo.