Iyintoni i-ICE kwimoto?

Injini yomlilo yangaphakathi kwimoto yiyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ukuba i-ICE yayingazange iqulunqwe, ngoko ishishini lombane liyakuthi lime kwivili kwaye ayizange iqhubele phambili kwinqanaba langoku. Injini yenza inguquko yangempela. Makhe sithethe malunga ne-ICE, malunga nomlando wayo, isakhiwo kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza.

Okokuqala ukuzama ukudala ubuninzi njengenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo eyaqala ngekhulu le-18. Abaninzi bezinto ezivela emhlabeni jikelele baye bazama ukudala indlela apho amandla avela kwi-fuel fuel ashicilelwa.

Injini yokuqala

Eyokuqala malunga ne-ICE kunye nendlela yokwakha, abazalwana abavela eFransi bacinga. Baqulunqa kwaye bahlanganisa isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-pyreolophor. Amafutha kule injini yayinothuli lomlilo, kodwa konke ukuphumelela kwalolu hlobo akufumananga ukuvunywa okhethekileyo kwisayensi kwaye kuye kwahlala kuphela kwimizobo. "I-Pireolofor" yayinomxholo ongaphelelekanga. Kwaye kwahlukana ngamaqondo aphezulu asebenzayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi amaninzi ngokusebenza kakuhle. Kwakhona le yunithi yayidla ioli. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, le injini yayifakwe kwi-first, ingekona i-tricycle epheleleyo.

Uvavanyo lwesibini

Ngomnyaka we-1864, uSiegfried Marcus, owayebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, wabonisa ihlabathi lokuqala le-carlretor eyodwa. Kwakuxhaswe amandla okutsha okuveliswayo kwemveliso. Le njini yakwazi ukuphuhlisa isivinini esikhulu ngeli xesha - ezili-10 eziliiyure ngeyure.

Injini ye-cyilinder yeBrighton

Ngowe-1873, injineli uGeorge Brighton, ngokusekelwe kwintsebenzo ekhoyo, yenze injini ye-cyilinder. Ekuqaleni i-injini esebenzayo kwi-kerosene, kwaye yatshintshwa kwi-petroli. Phakathi kweziphene zale fowuni zabelwe ubukhulu obukhulu.

Injini ye-Otto

Ngowe-1876, inyathelo elikhulu lathathwa kwimbali ye-ICE. UNicholas Otto wakwazi ukudala iyunithi eyinkimbinkimbi yezobuchwepheshe eguqule ngamandla ukutshisa kweemveliso zepetroleum zibe ngamandla ombane. Ngomnyaka we-1883, injini yaseFransi uDelamar yakha i-motor, apho igesi yendalo ingasetyenziswa njengombane. Nangona kunjalo, lo mbhalo awufumananga impendulo kwaye ikhona kuphela ephepheni ngendlela yemidwebo.

Igama elikhulu kwigalelo lombutho wemoto

Ngo-1815, uGottlieb Daimler wacinga malunga ne-ICE kunye nendlela engasetyenziswa ngayo. Akazange nje akhiqize injini esebenzayo, kodwa uvelise ukuveliswa komboniso weyunithi yanamhlanje kunye nesilwanyana esilungileyo kunye nejoza ye-carburetor.

Lo ngowokuqala ngelo xesha udidi lwe-compact, oluye lwafaka isandla ekuphuhliseni imboni yezimoto.

Iingcaciso eziqhelekileyo ze-ICE

Ngaloo nto i-ICE kwimoto, bayazi, mhlawumbi, yonke into. Kodwa into ebalulekileyo yinkqubo yomlilo wangaphakathi kukuba umxube wamafutha utshayelwe ngqo kwigumbi lokusebenza, kwaye kungabikho naziphi na izithuthi zangaphandle. Ngokumalunga ne-ICE, xelela kwiklasi yesikolo ye-physics, kwaye umgaqo wokusebenza usekelwe kwimpembelelo yokwanda kwamanzi kweegesi ezakhiwe kwinkqubo yokutshayela komxube otshayolayo phantsi kwengcinezelo kwiklasi elumlilo.

Iintlobo ze-ICE

Omnye unokukwazi ukwahlula injini yepiston. Ziyona ndlela iphumelele. Oku kuya kuqinisekiswa yindoda enezakhono zokuncedisa nokulungisa iinjinjini, umqhubi wenjini . Yintoni na? Isixhobo salo mjelo sinjengalandelayo: igumbi lokufudumala likhona ngaphakathi kwelilinder, amandla okushisa aguqulwa abe ngumatshini ngeendlela zokukhwabanisa kwi-crank-piston, amandla adluliselwa kwi-crankshaft. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeenjini zepiston. Inqaku lokuqala le-carburetor ICE. Apha, umxube wepetroli ulungiselelwe kwi-carburetor, kwaye emva koko ujojowe kwikamelo elitshisayo ukusuka kumbane wombane. Eli lihle ithuba lokufunda yintoni i-ICE kwimoto. I-injection motor iyondla umxube ngqo kwi-multiplefold intake kunye ne-injection ekhethekileyo. Zonke iinkqubo kwiimoto ezinjalo zilawulwa yi-electronics. Ingqungquthela ivela kwikhandlela.

Kukho neenjini zedelesi. Abo bebengayazi ukuba yi-ICE emotweni, kuyafaneleka ukuba siqhelane nale hlobo lemoto. Nantsi umxube wamafutha utshaywa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwamakhandlela. Igalelo ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwemoya, okubangelwa yimiphumo yokutshisa amaqondo obungaphezulu kweempawu ezivuthayo zomxube. I-petroli injowe ngeejectject ezikhethekileyo.

Injini ye-piston yokujikeleza iyona nto inomdla. Iyintoni i-ICE kwimoto yalolu hlobo? Ngoku isixhobo esinqabile. Kule ndlela, amandla omshushu ophuma kumlilo aguqulwa abe ngumbane osebenzayo ngegesi zokusebenza, ezijikeleza i-rotor ekamelweni lokusebenza. Indlela leyo inomfanekiso okhethekileyo, iphrofayili kwaye ihamba kunye nomzila "weeplanethi" ngqo ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenza. Le nxalenye yokugqibela ibuye ibe noqwalaselo olukhethekileyo - "8", kunye nemisebenzi yalo-ixesha, i- piston kunye ne-crankshaft. Ngoku wonke umntu uyazi ukuba yintoni injini emotweni ayifumanekanga.

Kukho iinjinjini zerhasi. Apha, amandla aguqulwa abe ngumatshini ngokujikeleza i-rotor, ebangela ukuba i-turbine shaft ihambe. Kwixesha lokuphuculwa kunye nokulinga, izazinzulu kunye neenjineli ezivela kwihlabathi lonke zizimisele ukuba ezifanelekileyo, ezinokwethenjelwa, ezingenakuthobeka, kunye noqoqosho ngokwempahla yeoli kunye neoli kuyinjini ye-piston.

Ezinye iintlobo zeenjini, ngaphandle kwepiston, zahlala kude kwimbali. Ukuqwalasela umbuzo wokuthi i-ICE iyimoto, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba injini ye-rotary-piston yenziwa ngoku kuphela yi-Mazda. I-Chrysler yadibanisa iindiza zeegesi ezininzi, kodwa kwakudala, kwaye akukho namnye we-automakers eziqingqileyo ezilinganise ezi ngunithi. E-USSR, iinjinjini ze-gas-turbine zasetyenziselwa kwezinye iitanki kunye neenqwelo zemfazwe. Nangona kunjalo, iteknoloji yashiywa ngokupheleleyo.

Njani i-ICE

Kulabo abangazi ukuba yintoni injini ye-ICE, masiqwalasele isixhobo salo injini. Kulo mzimbeni amanqaku amaninzi ebalulekileyo adibeneyo kanye. Le ibhloko yeesilinda - ngaphakathi igalela umxube we-petroli kunye nomoya, kwaye ke iigesi zidala ukuba iipiston zihambe. Iqela le-crank-crank lidlulisela amandla kwi-crankshaft.

Indlela yokwenza ixesha ivula ukuvula okanye ukuvala iivilivesti zokungenisa nokukhupha ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kuyadingeka ukuze uvumele umxube kwiisilinda kwaye ukhulule i-gases zokukhupha. Kwakhona, i-ICE ifakwe kwindlela yokunikezela ngombane, ukutshabalalisa umxube kunye nokususwa kwegesi zokukhupha.

Umgaqo we-ICE

Wonke umntu ozithobela imoto kufuneka azi ukuba yintoni injini ye-ICE kunye nendlela isebenza ngayo. Xa umnini wemoto ejika ikhiye kwindawo yokutshitshiswa, inqakraza ijikeleza i-crankshaft. I-piston iqhutywe yi-crankshaft. Xa ifikelela kwindawo yayo ephantsi, iya kwintembeko kwi-TDC. Emva koko umxube wamafutha kunye nomoya utyiswa kwindawo yokutsha. Xa i-piston isondela phezulu, iivumelwano zexube. Ngethuba xa lifikelela kwindawo yalo ekupheleni, i-spark eyenziwe ngamakhandlela iya kutshaya umxube onokutsha. Kukho ukuqhuma, kwaye iigesi eziguquguqukayo zitshintshe i-piston kwakhona ngamandla amakhulu. Ngeli nqanaba, i-valve ye-exhaust ivula. Ngaloo ndlela, i-gases ezitshisayo zitshisa i-cylinder ukuya emoyeni. Xa i-piston iphinda iphinde iphantsi kwefile, iya kuphinda iya phezulu. Ngethuba eli xesha i-crankshaft iya kwenza enye. Xa i-piston iqalisa intshukumo entsha, i-valve ye-intake ivula kwaye ivumela enye i-cylinder ye-fuel kwi-cylinder. Ezi zilandelayo ziza kuthatha umthamo wonke wegesi zokukhupha. Emva koko inkqubo yonke ichazwe iya kuqala. Ekubeni ukusebenza kwe-piston kulezi zinjini eziphambili kunqamle ukubetha kwembini kuphela, kuqhuba ukunyakaza okungaphantsi kuneenjini ezine. Kwakhona, ukuxhatshazwa kwamandla okunciphisa amandla kunciphise. Kodwa kwinkqubo yomsebenzi kuninzi ukushisa kwabiwe, kwaye loo mafutha ayatshisa kakhulu.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ioli yeenjini. Yintoni na? Yisilwanyana esikhethekileyo se-oily esenziwe ngama-hydrocarboni, okunciphisa ukungqubuzana kwiindawo. Kwi-injini yesibini, i-piston isebenza njengendlela yokuvala ixesha, ukuvula nokuvala iipavus. Ingxaki engundoqo yale nkqubo yintsebenziswano engasebenziyo yerhasi ngokuthelekiswa kunye neyunithi ye-cycle cycle.

Isiphelo

Yiloo nto i-ICE isemotweni. Le yindlela eqhuba imoto enzima. Namhlanje, oku kuthathwa ngokungenanto, kwaye ngokwenene ngexesha elinye i-DVS ibonwa njengento enkulu enkulu.