Isimo Physical yetyuwa. SeTyuwa, Chemistry

Ngaphezu kwezigidi 10 organic kwaye ngaphezu kwama-500,000 iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo makwazeke ekhemisi namhlanje. Phakathi kwazo kukho nzima kubume kunye neepropati, ezo zisetyenziswa kuphela iinjongo imichiza okanye zonyango. Kwaye kukho ke ezo nto kunzima ukufumana kwaye aqhelekile kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa akukho kangako kunye ezibalulekileyo. Esinye izinto ezifana ubalisa ityuwa. Xa ekhaya ikwabizwa ngokuba kushishino ukutya kunye yemichiza ye sodium chloride okanye sodium chloride. Kushishino nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba izimbiwa ukuba yakha kwindalo - halite netyuwa iliwa okanye rock ityuwa. Makhe sihlolisise isimo udibaniso wetyuwa, isakhiwo, iimpawu, imveliso, ukusetyenziswa kunye nobunzima ukusetyenziswa imbali yolawulo.

Kwezinye ithi kukho netyuwa?

Yintoni imeko ngokwasemzimbeni kwezinto kwaye oko kwenzeka njani? Oku kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kweziyobisi ngawo. umfundi ngamnye omdala kwe iklasi 7 banokutsalela umnxeba imeko udibaniso lwe ityuwa, kuba into into yonke endlwini. Namhlanje, ngaphandle nzima ukuba umntu mihla ukuba nomfanekiso ubomi bakhe. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente leempawu ityuwa ngokucacileyo ngeliso lenyama - luyacolwa okanye coarsely ndikuchithachithe ifomu ziikristale rhoqo cubic. Noko ke, ukunyibilikisa ityuwa emanzini, siza uyifumana zikwimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo udibaniso - ulwelo. Into efanayo sifumana, ukuba anyibilike nje ziikristale kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Imeko kuphela nto leyo aziqhelekanga ukuba ityuwa - oko sukube. Kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile ungayifumana ngokunjalo.

Iimeko ukutshintsha imo ukulinganiswa

1. Ukuze ufumane i ityuwa sikarhulumente engamanzi eyenzeke ziikristale esiluqilima imvelaphi yendalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba usebenzise lobushushu 800 ° ^C.
2. Ukuze ukuguqula ityuwa zibe kwimeko sukube ziikristale zanyibilika mayaziswe ithumba (malunga 1400 ^C) uphekele kude utshintsho olupheleleyo macandelo kumaziko ion (Na ⁺ kunye CL ^-).
3. isimo esiluqilima udibaniso yetyuwa - na bembonakalo yayo endalo iimeko zendalo.

Kutheni uluhlu enjalo ubushushu xa kuzaliswa ezi crystals? Oku kuchazwe yi ubume crystal ngekroba.

crystal ngekroba

Umele ziikristale echanekileyo ubuso-TAC cubic ngaphaya. kwikona ngalinye cube (amanqaku Ilibele) ukuba iye ngokuqinisekileyo wamwisela ion Na ⁺ kunye ion kakubi wamwisela CL ^-. Ngenxa kabukhali ezahlukeneyo electronegativities-athom phakathi kwabo ngoko kukho bethandana electrostatic ukuba kokutshabalalisa iimeko zayo engqongqo kufuneka isicelo (amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, impembelelo mechanical). Olu hlobo emkhusaneni yaziwa ionic, kwaye uphawu bonke kwealkali, obrak umhlaba inguqu zesinyithi.

Ngoko ke ubushushu ityuwa ngoko eqhelekileyo (kokubini ngenxa yokunyibilika nokubilisa) liphezulu kangaka. Kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufumane kuphela ziikristale uhlobo cubic, kodwa pyramidal (eight-, twelve- kunye icosahedral). Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka nje ukunyenyisa ngumphunga ubushushu kumxube wetyuwa ngendlela ethile. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kwisisu lwangaphakathi uzaliswe ziikristale ulwelo, ukuba nesisombululo ityuwa emanzini.

Ifomula chemical sodium chloride ilula kunye nokwakheka elemental va NaCL.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo of halite

Iipropati Physical sodium chloride kungachazwa ngamanqaku ezininzi:

• ziikristale Solid amhlophe, ezipinki, nemisonto emsi nemfusa, ebomvu. Imibala kuxhomekeke ubukho ubumdaka kwi utsalo. crystal Pure into emhlophe.
• Enyibilikayo emanzini kwindawo umlinganiselo omalunga 100/30 (ngo-100 g amanzi 30 g wetyuwa). ukunyibilika Good ngenxa yobukho dipoles zamanzi zinxulunyaniswa ngeenxa ngokwayo sodium kunye yeKhlorini ion, ibangela ukutshatyalaliswa nomtsalane electrostatic phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yoko, ukutshatyalaliswa yikristale ngekroba.
• Linyibilike nezilonda kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu (800-1400 ° ^C).
• It has a livumba betyhafile amnandi.
• isongo.

Iimpawu imichiza sodium chloride

Njengoko naliphi na ityuwa avareji-enyibilikayo, sodium chloride uyakwazi ukungena nobudlelwane:

• Ezinye iityuwa kusabela Exchange (prerequisite: ngokwahlukana igesi reaction, imvula okanye ukubunjwa malodissotsiiruemogo iziyobisi): NaCL + AgNO ₃ = nano ₃ + AgCL (white curdy kwenze). Le yokusabela esemgangathweni kwi CL ion ^-.
• Kunye nesinyithi, kusala ku EHRNM isodium: K + NaCL = KCL + Na.
• Dissociates e isisombululo zolwelo zokukhulula ion hydrated dipoles amanzi: NaCL _{(zolwelo p-p)} = Na ^{+ +} CL ^-. Isiphumo kumxube wetyuwa nto leyo electrolyte eyomeleleyo.
• Akuyi phantsi haydrolisis, njengoko ityuwa wakhiwa asidi eyomeleleyo kunye nesiseko esomeleleyo.
• Xa electrolysis (ugesi) abole ukwenza iimveliso simahla kesodiyam hayidroksayidi (icaustic soda): NaCL = Na + Cl ₂ + NaOH.

Apho kwindalo iqulethe sodium chloride?

Okwangoku, ityuwa oqhelekileyo - into ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka kwindalo. Nangona bekusoloko, kodwa kumaxesha amandulo ngamaXesha Aphakathi LITHILE imveliso ibiza kakhulu. Konke oku ngenxa yokuba babengazi indlela gesi ityuwa evela kwimithombo yendalo. Kwaye ezi imithombo oovimba behlabathi zininzi kangaka - halite ingqalelo phantse angakwazi lwezibonelelo zendalo. ithe ityuwa ifumaneka phi kwindalo?

1. Kweelwandle neelwandlekazi amanzi amtyuba.
2. Salt amachibi.
3. Salt imithombo.
4. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba.
5. iziziba Water.

nezokukhupha halite

Nokukha nokulungiswa yetyuwa babe ubuchwepheshe zabo njenge into misela ukuba ngokufuthi ukungalungeli ukusetyenziswa ngenxa isiqulatho eliphezulu ukungcola. Geni ityuwa rock ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo:

• yi kwemigodi komhlaba;
• of zomaleko emazantsi amachibi ityuwa;
• ngumphunga okanye ngumkhenkce ngaphandle elwandle okanye amanzi olwandle anetyuwa;
• komphunga komhlaba.

Noba indlela yenza kube lula ukufumana ziikristale of halite. Noko ke, ngokuba ukutyiwa ngabantu, kufuneka uhlobo nje omnye unyango - ukugaywa. Ngapha koko, akukho ubani usebenzisa indlu ukupheka enkulu akhazimlayo ityuwa. Amaninzi, liye laba icocwe ngayo ubumdaka, nakhandiweyo phantse ibe ngokohlobo lomgubo. Kukho kwakhona izimvo yetyuwa iodine, fluoridated njalo, hayi kuphela ukutya kodwa iinjongo zobugcisa.

ityuwa application

Izicelo kunye nokusebenzisa sodium chloride ezinkulu. Eyona kubo kunye imizekelo iziphumo ziboniswe phaya kuLudwe.

Ibali lobomi bemihla ngemihla

Sol wabonakala phezu iitafile endlwini nganye asiyi kuba kwaoko. Lwakuba nje yayilingana ubunzima bayo ngegolide, kwaye ngokwengqiqo emitsha. Ngenkulungwane XVIII, ezinye Narody Afriki bananisa kangangesandla ityuwa phezu esisesandleni segolide. Kamva e Ethiopia Salt noxolelwano aba lwemali eqhelekileyo. ERoma wamandulo, amaRoma zomkhosi nokuba imivuzo yenyanga banikwa le into ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela nokuthiywa lamajoni zabo. Abantwana babantu abahluphekayo Afrika nje ekwalenca iziqwenga amatye itafile ityuwa njengoko uju. ENetherlands oko yokohlwaya mthetho ukuze nxaniso. akazange Banetyala ukunika ityuwa, yaye umntu wafa ngexesha elifutshane.

Kuba okokuqala ukukhetha anigqibele ukutya kule nto, abantu bafunda kumaxesha amandulo. Emva koko kwafunyaniswa ukuba ityuwa equlethwe kule izityalo. Ngoko ke, ukuba batshiswe, kunye nothuthu yayisetyenziswa zizinongo. Kamva e China baye bafunda ukuba ngumphunga ityuwa ngamanzi olwandle, kwaye inkqubo iindlela zalo amalungiselelo waqalisa ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza.

ERashiya, atsalwa ityuwa evela namachibi (eyona idumileyo amachibi ityiwa Russia ukuza kuthi ga ngoku - Elton kunye Baskunchak). Ke nokuthengisa izinto ezibalulekileyo zinqabile kakhulu. Babesomba ke abarhwebi nje ezimbalwa, ngubani ke ngoko kwathengiswa amaxabiso abo. Imali ukuba ityuwa nje kuphela abantu abazizityebi nabadumileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imveliso kunye nemveliso zaye ayilungiswanga. iindlela ezahlukeneyo gesi kunye nokulungiswa intsimbi esetyenziswayo, kwaye namhlanje omnye izinto zekhaya ixhaphakileyo - ityuwa. Chemistry yale ezimbaxa, iimpawu kunye nesicelo amayeza kunye namanye amashishini sezisaziwa ukusuka kwiinkulungwane malunga XVI-XVII.

Befunda izifundo kwisikolo

Isifundo lwesakhiwo kunye nemeko udibaniso, kwakunye neempawu eekhemikhali ityuwa iqala esikolweni, phakathi iinkalo ezifana chemistry (Grade 8). Ityuwa izifundo kwisikolo kufundwe zonke iimvelaphi zazo kwindalo. Abafundi bazuze ukuqonda isiseko eekhemikhali ifomula enokwehla, iimpawu ezingundoqo ngokomzimba imichiza. Kuba ukucaca lula yokukhumbula ifomula kunye neempawu ebonakalayo kwincwadi flyleaf ngokuqhelekileyo ibekwe itheyibhile ityuwa enika uluvo lokuba ukunyibilika zabo emanzini. Apho ungafumana ulwazi malunga ukunyibilika asidi, alkalis kunye neziseko.

Into ebalulekileyo iityuwa zazo fusibility phezu osekelwe imveliso yazo kwindalo. Abafundi lula ukufumana indlela yabo ekucombululeni iingxaki kwi yokuziphatha yokunyibilika le ityiwa. Table graphic nemifanekiso ukubona ezibonakalayo kuphela fusible okanye elinjubaqa, kodwa kumisela eyiyona indawo yokunyibilika nokubilisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi thebhile ezicwangciswe iincwadi zezifundo ( "Chemistry", iBakala 8). Ityuwa kufuneka ifundwe ngokwemeko Sciences ezifana eziphilayo zemvelo. Ngoko ke, lo uluhlu lemisebenzi abafundi yakhelwe phezu ekudibaniseni uxhulumaniso ahlukeneyo.